ENTOUOLOGY STATION UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE LIBRARY 422.4 BOOK NUMBER St4B v.l 1828 429400 G.nS63\ ILLUSTRATIONS V. 1 £/uT BRITISH ENTOMOLOGY ; Sunopsitis of Iiitiieeitous! Insects: CONTAINING THEIR GENERIC AND SPECIFIC DISTINCTIONS; AN ACCOUNT OF THEIR METAMORPHOSES, TIMES OF APPEARANCE, LOCALITIES, FOOD, AND ECONOMY, AS FAR AS PRACTICABLE. BY JAMES FRANCIS STEPHENS, F.L.S. l^ \- MEMBER OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY, ETC. fQ \j)" EMBELLISHED WITH COLOURED FIGURES OF THE RARER AND MORE INTERESTING SPECIES. HAUSTELLATA. VOL. I. " In his tarn parvis tamque fere nuUis quae ratio ! quanta vis ! quaui inextricabilis pcrfectio !" — PUn.. " Finis Creationis Telluris est gloria Dei, ex opera Natural, per Hominem solum." — Limit. LONDON : PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR ; PUBLISHED BY BALDAVIN AND CRADOCK; SOLD BY J. CHURCHILL, SAVILLE-HOUSE, LEICESTKR-SQUARE, AND BY ALL BOOKSELLERS. 1828. MAY 111960 LONDON: PRINTED BY THOMAS DAVISOK, WHITEFRIARS. Tw^^ ILLUSTRATIONS OP BRITISH ENTOMOLOGY, " Say who can paint Like Nature ? Can imagination boast. Amid her gay creation, hues like these ?" Thomson. Such is the language of one whose works abound in imagery drawn from the beauties of the visible world, and peculiarly appli- cable to various insects belonging to the subclass upon whose de- scription I am now entering ; not, however, that I conceive the pro- ductions of these prolific isles to be of a particularly resplendent character ; but what art can equal the brilliant silvery blue of the beautiful and lovely Polyommatus Adonis — the iridescent purple splendour of Lyc»na Chryseis — the fiery and almost dazzling cu- preous wings of Lycaense dispar andVirgaurese — the imperial purple plumes of Apatura Iris — the gorgeous silver spots, streaks, and fascise of the Argynni — or the elegant metallic cilia and markings of various groups of Tinseidae ? whose wings may truly be said to be " With silver fringed, and freckled o'er with gold." — Again, the fine and gaudy colouring of the tiger moths, as they are commonly called — and the singularly delicate pencilling on the under surface of the wings of Cynthia Cardui, and Vanessa Atalanta, and on the upper surface of those of many Geometrida?, are, equally with the more glittering colours, beyond the utmost reach of the pictorial art. I shall now proceed with my descriptions of the HAUSTELLATA, ClairvlUc, which, like the Mandibulata, 1 also consider divisible into seven orders ; thus briefly characterized : Haustellata, \o\.. I. 1 June, 1827. u 2 HAUSTELLA'I'A. , , ^ fdeprcssum: 13. IIemipteka, AI r quatuor, I ^^''^"'^ sq"^'^'"^^' = Corjy"s X devatun. : . 14. Ho moptkra- ■i squama; imbricate : .... 8. Lepidoptera. ,, , ^ Jdiscretum: ... . . 9. Diptera. Ahrduo: CapiU ^ ^^^^-^^^ 10. Hojialoptera. „ ^ t compressuni : .... 11. Aphaniptera- ^^'^"""«^=^«''^'"' fdeprcssum: 12. Aptera. These appear to be connected tog-ether in affinity as above dis- posed, and, lik(> the Mandibulata, the series " returns into itself," though the actual point of union between the orders is not always very evident. I noticed, when speaking- of insects in general, that the conterminous orders of the two suliclasses possessed several cha- racters in common, and tliat the Trichoptera were so closely allied to the Lepidoptera, from the imperfection of their oral organs, &c. that authors differed as to which of the subclasses the former abso- lutely belonged : now as the broad expansive wings of these insects are not only furnished with nervures, closely resembling in their branching those of the Lepidoptera, but are moreover clothed with hair or down, and as they have several other general characters, such as the location of the legs — the elongated coxaj — the calcaria, or spurs, I conclude that in a naturally arranged series w^e must pass directly from this group of mandibular insects to the beautiful Order VIIL— LEPIDOPTERA. AFhose characters are, wings four ', membranaceous, more or less clothed with imbricated scales: mouth furnished with a spiral, filiform tongue: body liairy : prothorax adorned with a pair of tippets : metamoi-pliosis obtectetl. The larva? of this order are generally known by the name of caterpillars: they are usually elongate, nearly cylindric, soft, of various colours, naked or clothed with hair, and sometimes armed with spines, or tubercles: the head is covered with a hard scaly, skin, and is furnished with two very short conical antenna?, and two shining eyes : the mouth is provided with two strong mandibles and two maxilke : a lip and four small palpi : the three first seg- ments of the body bear each a pair of horny legs, which are the true legs, and correspond with those of the perfect insect: the false, or prolegs, are membranaceous, they vary in number from four to ten, but, with a few exceptions (as in Cerura, Stauropus, ike.) the last pair is situated on the anal segment of the body. * The females oiOrgyia, Cheimutobia, Lampetia, &c. are destitute of wings : in JEgcria, Trochilum, Hesia, Nudaria, &c. the wings are not fuUy clothed with scales. Aglossa, as its name implies, wants the tongue. LEPIDOPTERA. The principal nourishment of most caterpilhirs consists of the leaves of vegetiibles : others devour flowers, roots, seeds, buds, and even perforate and subsist on the solid wood of trees ; many are exceedingly destructive to our domestic articles, and destroy skins and woollen stuffs, while some feed on leather, grease, lard, &c., and spare not even our honied stores : several live on one substance alone, while many attack various plants and substances, and even devour each other; but as a recompense for the destructive pro- perties of some, others are kindly provided by the fostering hand of Providence with qualities whose produce gives employment to millions of human beings, — and some are kept within due bounds by the hosts of Ichneumonidae and Chalcididae. Caterpillars usually change their skin four times previously to passing to their pupa or chrysalis state ; and they are in general furnished with an apparatus for spinning silk, with which they either line the cells wherein they undergo their changes, or suspend themselves preparatory to that event : these cells are variously con- structed in the different groups, and as I proceed I shall notice their diversified structure under their respective genera. In the generic distribution of the contents of this truly elegant order of insects, I may confidently assert that I have hitherto laboured without other assistance than that derived from the still- incomplete work of the lamented Ochsenheimer, no one in this country, till recently, having devoted their attention to this depart- ment of the science beyond the mere capture and investigation of the species and their varieties. I consequently fear that my limited knowledge of exotic forms may occasionally betray me into the venial error of proposing genera upon characters, which may be so moderated by intervening extra-indigenous forms, as to be deemed of no importance when compared with their congeners; — but tiiose individuals, who maintain that genera are unimportant, and lead to no practical use, when new species with coiuiecting characters are discovered, might with equal propriety deny the presence of salt in the ocean, because the sources of rivers are fresh, and the jietual point where the saline impregnation commences cannot be ascer- tained, owing to the very gradual manner in which it is incorporated with the water. I do not, however, here intend to advocate the expediency of adding- to the vast numbers of modern genera, which it aj)j)ears necessary to adopt; though, wore I disposed to vindicate the propriety of forming them, or of adding to those of Linne, — 4 HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPTERA. which the disciples of that truly celebrated man affirm are fully adequate to meet all our wants in secula seculorum ! — I might adduce, as powerful arguments, the present overwhelming numbers of species which would be contained in several of his genera, agree- ably to the principles of his followers ; and as illustrations of my po- sition, I might state that of the diurnal Lepidoptera, or Linne's genus Papilio, 2400 species are said to be actually preserved in the imperial cabinet at Vienna :— again, I should speak within compass were I to assert that the genus Carabus would consist of upwards of 1600 species,— Curculio of 2000,— Scarab^us 2000,— Staphylinus 1000, Musca 4000,— Phalaina considerably above 5000 ! !— Ichneumon probably as many, or even double the number, as the species of this group are known to attack several insects, besides Lepidoptera, — exclusively of the host of species which would be comprised in the three genera of Chrysomela, Cimex, and Tipula, — thus compre- hending, in about a dozen genera, at least one-fourth of the insects reputed * at present to be preserved in collections, whose habits, structure, and metamorphoses present numerous discrepancies ; — a procedure that nothing short of the most persevering apathy or inflexible prejudice can justify : but I rejoice to say that a more liberal spirit has recently sprung up, and that the opposition to the modern innovations, as the progress of natural science is illiberally styled, is rapidly subsiding, from the numerous important disco- veries of late years, and the insufficiency of the Linnean classifica- tion to meet the wants of the student in his attempts to arrange his materials in conformity therewith. The first division of the Lepidoptera, or the DiuRNA of LaU'eille, Correspond with the genus Papilio of Linne^ and are characterized by having the antennae composed of very numerous articulations, approximating and slender at the base, towards the tip gradually incrassated and formed into a club, which is sometimes abruptly truncate, and occasionally somewhat seta- ceous, with the extreme tip hooked: the wings are generally placed erect when the insect is at rest : but in the Hesperidae the hinder wings only are elevated. They all fly by day : their larvae have invariably sixteen legs : the pupa, or chrysalis, is generally naked, frequently angulated, and always attached by its tail. * Mr. MacLeay says, that 100,000 species are to be found in our cabinets. — Horoi Entomoloirica:, v. \, p. 469.— Mr. Kirby estimates the number of insects to exceed XQOfiOQ.—Kirhj and Spences Inirod. to Ent. v. i,p. 477. PAPILIONIDiK. It is perhaps futile to attempt a natural arrangement of this section of Lepidoptera, from the very scanty materials supplied by these islands; but as an approximation to the truth is doubtless better than positive confusion, I shall dispose my subjects in some measure agreeably to the classification proposed by Mr. Swainson, in the Philosophical Magazine for March last, as that is decidedly the most efficient published arrangement of this group of insects I have yet seen, and if my views of it be correct, the subordinate divisions do not materially differ from the method in which the indigenous species have been usually disposed : yet, as his principal characters are drawn from the metamorphoses — which evidently point out the most natural groups — I have not ventured to follow him, as they are frequently unknown to the naturalist, and it is my intention in this work to furnish the student with the means of ascertaining the nomenclature and history of all our insects, by an inspection of them in their final state ; I have consequently used other characters for my primary divisions, and have considered those which are drawn from the larva, or pupa, as subsidiary. Pedes antici hawd f apice abrupte uncinate : . . 4. HespER1Dj3E. abbreviati: Antcnncc < (baud apice uncinate : . . . 1. Papilionid^e. Pedes antici T^lns f medio ores, bifidi: . . 2. NvsiPHALiDiE. ininusve abbreviati : Ungues \ (_ minuti, simplices : . . 3. LYCiENiD^. Family I.— PAPILIONIDiE *. Antennw with a distinct club, varying in form and sometimes compressed, but never hooked at the extremity ; legs in both sexes aU formed for walking, and distinctly furnished with simple, or bifid, claws: hinder tibia: with one pair of spurs at the tip only : hinder wings excised to aiUnit the free motion of the abdomen, or grooved to receive it. Larva generally naked ; pupa fastened by a transverse thread, or subfoliculated, angulated or smooth. • In the following account of the papilionaceous insects of Britain, all the dubious species which have been introduced into our Fauna will be briefly enumerated in their respective locations, with the authorities for their introduc- tion so far as I have ascertained them ; and the characters of those genera of which no truly indigenous species occur are printed in itaUcs in the tabular views. It is also requisite to apprize the student that the brief primary characters, by which the minor divisions arc separated in the tables, must be cautiously emjiloyed, as in the conterminous groups of a natural scries they become so gradually blended into each other, as to apply without nmch difficulty to cither- 6 jIAUSTELLATA.— LEPIDOPTERA. . , S elongatae : 1. Papilio. ... (angulata;: ^»''^«««' * breves : 2. Goneptervx. Antcnmc capitulo J <■ ""^'"^'' baud compresso : -^^ i">.?^^ra? |^j.^^jjj^j^j^ . ^ squamis tectae: . 3. Colias. """"'' I dcntidata:: . 7- DORITIS. . , fdenudato: 6. PiERis. Antenna- capitulo J mmuresso- Ala I . ■ Mngonse : . 4. PoNTiA. compresbo. . ^iw j^^^^^^^^^jg^j^^^„„,(„.^, ^^^5^^^^^_ ^ 5. Leucophasia. Genus I. — Papilio of Authors. Antennae with its capitulum somewhat arcuate, ovate-conic : palpi very short, scarcely reaching to the clypeus, not prominent ; the two first joints of equal length ; the third minute, nearly obsolete : tarsi with distinct and simple claws. Anterior wings subfalcate; posterior tailed; the inner margin cut out to receive the abdomen. Caterpillars fleshy, furnished on the neck with a furcate, retractile, organ. Chrysalis angulated, with two processes before, fastened by a transverse thread. Sp. 1. Machaon. Alts subdentatis, concoloribus favis, margme nigro. Umbo fusco lunulis Jlavis ; posticis caudatis macuUs sex cccruleis., ocelloque anali ferrugineo. (Expansio alarum 3unciae — 3 unc. tl- linise.) Papilio Macliaon. Linne. — Lewin. pi. 34. — Stepli. Catalogue. This elegant and conspicuous insect varies considerably in size : its upper wings above are yellow, with four black spots, of which the outer one is nearly round and smaller, the two next transverse and parallel to each other, the fourth is of a triangular form and occupies the entire base of the wing, this last is irrorated or spotted with yellow : the costa itself and the nervures^ which are much dilated, are black: the hinder margin is black irrorated with yellow, and adorned with eight lunulated spots of the same colour ; the margin itself is a little dentated and yellow, interrupted with black. The under wings are strongly dentate and tailed : their ground colour is yellow, the inner margin is black sprinkled v/ith yellow, the nervures are cUlated, especially the one which forms the apical outline of the discoidal cell ; the mar- ginal fascia occupies above one-third of the wing, and is black irrorated with yellow, and ornamented with six subocellated caerulean spots, and outwardly with six broad yellow lunules, the four intermediate ones being the largest ; the exterior margin is yellow interrupted with black : the anal angle bears a Sp. 2. Podalirius. Alis flavescentihus fasciis nigris ; posticis caudatis apice nigro lunulis marginalibus cceruleis, subtus strigd rufescente. (Exp. alar. 3— 3| unc.) Pap. PodaUrius. Linnl.—Don. IF. pi. 109.—Steph. Catal. Anterior wings entire, above yellowish, with the costa and six transverse bands and the hinder margin black, the third and fifth of which are abbreviated. PAPILIONIDyE. — I'APH.K). 7 round feri-uginous spot, which is nearly siirrovuitkMl with black, with a blue lunule towards the base of the wing, and an elongated, triangular yellow spot towards the tip : the tail is black, linear, and edged internally on each side with yellow. The under surface of the wings much resembles the upper, but is paler, and the lunules on the superior wings are converted to a continuous yellowish band; the marginal fascia is also so strongly irrorated with yellow as to appear entirely of that colour. The inferior wings have the blue spots narrower, more lunulated and distinct, and the fasciic in which they are placed is, like that of the superior wings, nearly yellow ; the four lunular spots of the upper surface on the edge exterior to the tail are replaced by others of a quadrate form : towards the centre of the wing are two or three, more or less evidently defined, triangidar reddish spots, and one in the qua- drate marginal spot near the anterior edge of the wing ; the nervures are much more dilated than on the upper surface ; but the ocellated anal spot and tail are nearly similar to those of the upper surface. The body is yellow, with two lines beneath, and the back black : the antennsc are black : the legs black, with yellow hairs. The lunules on the margin of the inferior wings are frequently marked with red or fulvous ; and there is often one or more round black spots placed between the dilated veins at the tip of the superior wings. The caterjiillar is smooth, green, with velvety black rings, alternately spotted with ferruginous : the organ with which it is armed on the top of the neck is of a red colour ; it secretes an acrid -liquor, which emits an unpleasant smell, particularly when the animal is irritated, by which it keeps the ich- neumons at a distance. It feeds solitarily on umbelliferous plants, especially on the fennel and carrot, the flowers of which it prefers. About July it changes to the chrysalis, which is greenish, with a longitudinal black band on each side. P. Macliaon is not an uncommon English insect, especially in the fenny counties of Huntingdon and Cambridge, in some parts and the fourth is sometimes partially divided by a pale dash. The posterior wings are much dentated, and have a long tail : yellowish on both sides, with two or three subparallel strigse, of which the first is broadest, and occupies the inner or abdominal margin ; the next is sometimes united thereto, and the last is placed in the middle : the margin on both sides is dusky, with four bluish and two yellow lunules, and at the anal angle is a fulvous spot, bearing a black patch and a bluish lunule : the wing beneath has four strigie, with a reddish line between the second and third : the tail is black, with its inner edge and tip yellow : the abdomen is yellowish, with the back and a double row of spots beneath black ; the antenna; are black. The larva is solitary, and feeds on the various kinds ofbrassica; it is of a bright green, with a whitish dorsal line, and two others immediately above the legs, and on eacli side are oblique whitish lines, which connnence from the second segment, and are spotted with red : the head is roiiiid, deeply ininiersed in 8 HAUSTELLATA. T,EPIDOPTERA. of which it occurs in the utmost profusion. It is generally sup- posed that there are tvA^o broods in the year, one in May, the other in August ; but from the observations of my deceased friend, E. Blunt, Esq., I presume that supposition is inaccurate, as he informed me that he had taken the larvae in all its stages at one time, and that the perfect insect continued to make its appearance with regularity from tlie end of May to the middle of August ; but as these larvae were taken at large, and in various places, it is pro- bable that some fortuitous circumstances might have caused the appearance of some of them to be procrastinated. The perfect insect flies with rapidity, and is difficult to catch, unless in perfectly calm weather : it has sometimes been captured close to London, in Epping Forest, at Stepney, and near Peckham ; and it was for- merly abundant at Westerham, in Kent. Mr. Dale has frequently taken it at Glanville's Wooton, and in other parts of Dorsetshire : it also occurs as far north as Beverley, in Yorkshire, and west as Redlane, near Bristol, in Somersetshire. Genus II. — Gonepteryx, Leach. Antennw short, stout, very gradually thickening into an obconic club : palpi short, much compressed, the terminal joint very short : wings angulated, large, the posterior grooved to receive the abdomen : legs alike in both sexes, short, stout; claws minute, bifid. Caterpillar naked. Chrysalis angulated, acu- minated in front : fastened with a loose thread round its middle. Sp. 1. Rhamni. Alls Jiavis seu virescenti-albidis ; singulis puncto medio suprdjiclvo, suhtus ocellari. (Exp. alar. 2 unc. 3 — 6 lin.) Papilio Rhamni. Linne. — Don. F. pi. 145. — Steph. Catal. the neck, v\rhich bears a red tentacule with a yellow tip : the pupa is yel- lowish, dotted with brown, and slightly bidentate before. This insect appears to have been introduced into the British Fauna upon the most loose and unsatisfactory authority. Its introduction by modern authors arose from the following words of the celebrated Ray : " Prope Libernam, portum in Etruria, invenimus, at etiam, ni male memini, in Anglia." — Rai/. Ins. p. Ill : and from the expression of Berkenhout, who says, in his Outlines, that it is " rare in woods." Now, as the attention of entomologists has been so especially drawn towards the solution of this point for at least forty years, and no authentic instance of its capture is recorded, it seems absurd to consider it any longer as a British species ; but, notwithstanding, there are several entomologists sanguine enough to expect that it may eventually occur in some of the unexplored parts of the country; although its highest northern range on the Continent appears to be about the latitude of Paris. VAPILIONIDiE. — COLIAS. 9 Above, the male is sulphur-yellow and the female greenish- white, with a ilusky spot at the base of the wings, and an orange or fulvous spot in the centre, and obsolete ferruginous dots on the margin, especially on the anterior costa : beneath, the male is greenish, the female paler, and the discoidal spot on all the wings is whitish in the centre, with a ferruginous margin : the abdomen is black above and yellow beneath ; its base and the thorax thickly clothed with long glossy white silken hairs: the legs are white: the antenna; are reddish ; at the base of the latter is an elevated reddish tuft of scales. t Var. 0. With the wings clouded, and minutely dotted and streaked with orange or fulvous. — Curtis, iv. pi. 173. This variety is in the rich lepidopterous collection of Mr. Haworth. The caterpillar is green, with a paler line on each side of the belly, and very small scale-like black dots on the back, which give that part a bluish aspect : the fore part of the body is thick and rounded, the hind part compressed. It feeds upon the Rhamnus catharticus {or huckthorn), and the Ith.fra»!>iilus (or berry-bearing alder) ; and is said to occupy three or four days in changing to the pupa state : the pupa, or chrysalis, is very gibbous in the middle, acu- minated before, and green with a clearer Une on each side, and a reddish or fulvous spot in the middle: it is vertically suspended on a perpendicular branch, with a loose silken thread round its middle: — the perfect insect is produced in about fifteen days. This gay and lively-coloured insect is apparently double-brooded, the first brood appearing about June ; the second in the autumn, and of the latter many individuals of both sexes remain throughout the M'inter, and make their reappearance on the first sunny day in spring. I have seen them sometimes so early as the middle of February : they frequent woods, commons, meadows, and lanes, and appear to be pretty generally diffused throughout the countr} ; their flight is rather slow than otherwise. Genus III. — Colias, Fuhricius. Antenna; short, rather slender, filiform at the base, towards the tip gradually thickening into an obconic club : palpi short, much compressed, the terminal joint shortest: anterior wings somewhat trigonate, posterior rounded, with a groove to receive the abdomen : legs alike in both sexes, moderate, slender : claws small, weak, bifid. Caterpillar naked, tuberculated. ChrysaUs sub- angulated, gibbous, slightly acuminated in front, fastened by a transverse thread. Several papilionaceous insects are remarkable for their periodical or irregular appearance, and none more conspicuously so than the insects of this genus. The cause of this interesting phenomenon appears inexplicable : its solution has baffled the inquiries of ento- mologists, and several speculative opinions have been advanced Haustellata, Vol.. I. 1 July, 1827. c 10 HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPTERA. thereon. By some persons their sudden increase has been attri- buted to the previous failure of their natural enemies, the Ichneu- mons and the soft-billed birds— by others to an increased tem- perature; others again suppose that their eggs lie dormant till called into life and vigour by some extraordinary latent coinci- dences. But all these opinions are mere conjecture, and they do not sufficiently clear up the difficulty ; which is rendered more ob- scure from the fact that several of the insects, especially Cynthia Cardui, appear constantly in some parts, and periodically in others. The Coliades are particularly gay and showy insects ; they are emi- nently distinguished by the brilliant tints of orange and yellow with which their wings are adorned : thev are of moderate size, and usually appear in their final state towards the autumn. Sp, 1. Europome. Plate I. * f. 1, ^ — f. 2, 3, ? .—AUs siiprd sulphur eo-flavis, limbo communi nigro (in fcem.^avo maculato) ; anticis' ntrinque puncto medio nigro infra ocellari, posticis sitbtiin puncto sesqiiialtero argenteo. (Exp. alar. 2 unc. — 2 unc. 2 lin.) Papilio Europome. Haicorth. — Co. Europom.e. Steph. Catal. Both srxes of this fine insect— which greatly resembles Co. Philodoce (a Virgi- nian species) — are of a fine sulphureous yellow above: the male has the hinder margins of both wings deeply edged with blacky an ovate spot of that colour on the disc of the anterior, and an obsolete fulvous spot on that of the posterior ; the border on the latter is irregularly sinuated within : beneath the anterior wings are paler, with the tips rather deeper, the discoidal spot is whiter, with a black or dusky iris; and parallel with the hinder margin is a very obsolete row of dusky spots : the posterior wings are of a deeper yellow, minutely irrorated Avith black, with a discoidal silvery ocellus, having a fulvescent iris, and a secondary silver spot adjacent ; they have also an obsolete row of dusky spots parallel with the hinder margin, and forming a continuous series with those of the anterior wings, and a larger somewhat triangular fulvescent spot on the upper edge. The female differs in having the black border of the hinder margin of the anterior wings irre- ' gularly spotted with yellow, and in wanting the border to the posterior wings, having in its place some obsolete subtriangular dusky spots. Both sexes have the extreme edge, both above and below, and the cilia, rose colour. Very few British cabinets contain this interesting species, which, till last summer, does not appear to have been captured in England for upv/ards of forty years. I have hitherto seen but five speci- mens, four of which were in the rich collection of the late Mr. Francillon, and one in that of the late Mr. Marsham : of these I have been fortunate enough to obtain three, two males and a hm&'H /)U-/ij/l*,l h- C MCur/tj' dd A' .iron 0'v_i/p London PulUshnl ly J.F SieplfrixJiino 1.IS17. I'AI'lLIONID.i;. COLIAS. 11 female, from which the accompanying figures have been taken. In Lepidoptera Britannica reference is also made to the collection of Mr. Swainson as possessing this species. The past season afforded no less than eight examples — thus illustrating the irregular appear- ance of the Coliades — four of which were captured between ]5righton and Lewes, in Sussex ; and a similar number in the vicinity of York, as I am informed by Mr. Cooper; — these last were found in September — the others in company with Co. Hyale and Edusa. Since writing the above, I find, by the Butterfly-Collector's Vade-Mecum, that this species is said to occur, though rarely, in the meadows and road sides near Ipswich, in Suffolk, in the middle of August. Sp. 2. Chrysotheme. Plate II. * f. 1. ^. f. 2.? . — Alis siqjrd Jidvo-lutcscentibus, Umbo communi nigro (in foem. Jlavo macu- lato) ; anticis utrhique puncto medio nigro infra ocelfari, posticis siibtus vinscaitibus jmnclo sesquialtero argenteo. (Exp. alar. 1 une. 8 lin. — 1 unc. 10 lin.) Papilio Chrysotheme. Esper. — Co. Chrysotheme. Stepli. Catal. Distinguished at first sight from the other indigenous species hy its inferior size, and from Co. Edusa by its paler colour. Its resemblance to the latter insect is almost too close, but its constancy and locality appear to sanction the propriety of considering it as a distinct species : its chief differences from that insect consist in its smaller size, the rotundity of the hinder margin of the anterior wings, its paler colour, the dissimilar form of the marginal fascia, the expanded duskiness at the base of the wings, especially of the posterior, and the black discoidal spot on the under surface of the anterior wings being pale in the middle, as in Co. Europome §. f Sp. 1. b. Palacno. AUs_flavis, apice riig-iis ?uargitiequcfiih'ii> : posticis subtiis puncto argenteo. Linne. Pa. PaLncno. Linne. — Martijn. Wings yellowish, or white, with the exterior margins red ; the superior above with a broad black apical margin, and on both surfaces with a black spot ; the posterior wings beneath cincrascent, with a lunate silvery spot, and the base red. According to Linne, this species feeds upon various kinds of fern (Ptcris). The insect occurs in many parts of Europe, from Lapland to Switzerland, in July ; its introduction into the British list originated with Martyn, who enumerates it in his Aurelian's Vade-Mecum, I imagine by mistake, for Co. Hyale, or one of the kindred species. § This last character is unfortunately omitted in some impressions of figiue 'J ; which represents the under side of the female rather larger than nature. 12 HAUSTELLATA. LEPIDOPTERA. The caterpillar and chrysalis of this species hitherto remain un- known -. the male, from which the accompanying figure was taken, was captured in company with several other specimens by H. Sims, Esq. in September 1811, either in the county of Norfolk or near Epping in Essex : the female I obtained from some other, but un- known, source : there are specimens of this species in the collection at the British Museum, and in that of Mr. Haworth. I believe the first notice of this insect as a species occurs in Bergstraesser's Nomenclature, where a figure is given ; and subse- quent continental lepidopterists have unhesitatingly described it as a distinct species from Co. Edusa, its nearest congener in Britain ; and it is from a firm conviction of the accuracy of their views that I have followed their steps, and introduced a figure and description of it for the first time in an English dress : — but as I am fully aware of the laudable caution with which many entomologists of this country acknowledge the specific distinctions of insects which they have not had an opportunity of examining, I anticipate a difference of opinion upon this point. Sp. 3. Edusa. Alis supra fulvo-croceis, limbo comniuni nigro (in fcem. Jlavo maculatoj ; anticis utringue puncto medio atro ; pos- ticis irifra suh-virescentibus puncto sesquialtero argenteo. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 10 lin. — 2 unc. 5 lin.) Pa. Edusa. Fabricius.—Don. vii. pi 238,/.2. ? .— Pa.Hyale. Don. ii. pi. 43. $ . — Co. Edusa. Stepli. Catal. The male of this elegant insect has the anterior wings above deep bright fulvous- orange, with a broad black internally- waved band on their outer edge, and a large round deep black spot in the middle ; beneath the disc is pale fulvous, with a black, inoceUated dot, and the tip greenish : the posterior wings are ful- vous above, with a narrow black border on the outer edge, a greenish tinge on the inner^ and a deep fvdvescent but obsolete spot in the middle : beneath, they are greenish with a suboceUated silver spot in the middle, accompanied by a smaller one, both with a rust-coloured iris. The female differs in having a series of irregular yeUow spots in the black margin of the anterior wings, and by having the border on the posterior wings very obsoletely defined in- ternally. Both sexes have a row of spots parallel with the edge of the hinder margins of both wings, of which three or four of those on the anterior wings are deep black, and the rest ferruginous : the cilia are yellow above, inter- rupted with red-brown, and rose-coloured beneath : the body is yellowish- green, with the back dusky : the antennae reddish, with the tip of the club reddish-yeUow. This insect varies much in the intensity of the colour of the marginal band : in PAPILIONIDiE. — COLIAS. 13 some specimens this is jet black, in others brownish, and in general the ner- vures whicli pass through it are yellow : the posterior wings are sometimes beautifully iridescent, and the ground colour of the anterior is occasionally of a yellowish tint. Var. /?. Plate II.* f. 3. ? .—This variety (which is the Pa. Helice, Haworth) differs from the female solely by having the ground-colour of the wings, as well as the series of irregular dots in the marginal band, yellowish-white. Var. y. Very small : with the anterior wings subfalcate, but coloured as in var. a. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 8 lin.) The caterpillar feeds on grasses : it is deep green with a longitudinal white stripe on each side, spotted with yellow and blue : the chrysalis is green, with a yellow line on each side, and black spots on the wing-cases. Not uncommon during the autumn, in certain but indeterminate years, in the south of England ; but apparently rare in Cambridge- shire and Norfolk, the southern parts of which counties it appears only to frequent. I have often taken it in Battersea-fields, and at Dover and Brighton : near the last place it appears to occur in the greatest plenty. Sp. 4. Hyale. Alis supra pallide stdphureis. Umbo communi ii'igro, Jiavo-maculaio ; anticis utrinque pnncto medio nig-ro, posticis suhtiis lutcis, puncto sesquialtero argentco. (Exp. alar. 2 unc. — 2 unc. 2 lin.) Papilio Hyale. Linne. — Don. vii. pi. 238, /. 1. S . — Co. Hyale. StepJi. Catal. The upper surface of this interesting species is sulphur-yellow or whitish, with a deep black spot in the middle of the anterior wings, and a pale orange spot in the disc of the posterior : the anterior wings have a black border, widest towards the costa, and with an interrupted row of yellowish or whitish spots ; the posterior wings are also bordered in the female, but in the male this border is replaced by one of yellow : the under surface of the anterior wings is whitish-yellow, but not bordered with black ; the tip is orange-yellow, with its outer edge pale red, and a transverse row of dusky spots on its inner : in the centre is a round black spot : the posterior wings are entirely orange-yellow, with a row of dusky reddish spots, towards the mar- gin, and with two silvery spots in the centre, which correspond with the spot in the upper surface, and are bordered with reddish : the wings are all ciliated with yellowish red : the body is yellow : the head and the front of the thorax and the legs are ferruginous : the back dusky : the antenntc reddish. The female differs in being whitish. A variety is described by Lewin, in which the wings of the male are whitish, and of the female white. The cateqiillar is velvety-green, with two yellowish lateral lines, and black spots on the annuli : it feeds on papilionaceous plants : the chrysalis is grecii, with a yellow lateral line. 14 HAUSTEIXATA. — LEl'lDOPTERA. ' Of this rare British species I have seen very few specimens, and, until the last season, only three recent captures had come to my knowledge. The first of these w^as found in August, 1811, at Wrentham, in Suffolk, by the very ingenious and able artist to whose accurate pencil I am indebted for the figures with which this work is embellished, and is in his brother's collection ; the second specimen was taken about eight years ago in Epping Forest, in June, and the third subsequently near Brighton : but last season many specimens were captured near the last named place by a person residing in that town. It is said to be double-brooded, and the first brood to appear in June, and the latter towards the autumn. It is found in meadows. The county of Kent has produced the greatest number of specimens : Lewin found them not uncommonly near Queenborough and Ospringe in the autumn. Mr. Haworth informs me, that it has been captured near Halvergate, in Norfolk. Genus IV. — Pontia, Fabrkius. AnteniKS with an abrupt, obconic, compressed club: palpi short, nearly cylin- tb-ic, three-jointed, the terminal joint slender, as long as the second, or shorter : ivings opaque ; anterior somewhat triangular, sometimes rounded at the tip ; posterior rounded with a groove on the inner margin to receive the abdomen : legs alike in both sexes, rather slender : claivs distinct, unidentate. Cater- pillar cylindric, downy, sometimes tuberculate. Chrysalis angulated, with an obtuse knob, or acmninated in front, supported by a transverse thread. The species composing this genus, or at least the majority of them, are well known from frequenting our gardens in search of their mellifluous food, and their larvse from the havoc they commit amongst the various kinds of cabbages, or brassicse. From the sim- plicity of their colouring, and their common appearance, they have been unvt'orthily neglected in this country by collectors; and in consequence we still remain unacquainted with the history and metamorphosis of some of the species, which evidently are far from uncommon. But surely the lover of nature is not to be captivated by the splendour of adventitious ornament alone : he should also delight in the contemplation of the minor beauties which she occa- sionally displays amongst the infinite profusion of her multifarious works. The Pontiee A^ary much, and in giving P. Chariclea, Metra, Napsese, and Bryoniae as distinct species, I act solely from a conviction that I am not justified in uniting them with either of their congeners, though it is with diffidence, and not without repeated examination, papilionid/t:. — pontia. 15 that I venture to propose tliem as novelties to British naturalists ; but I trust that by so doinjr I shall incite some zealous entomologists to investigate this point, and endeavour to imravel the mystery which yet shrouds our views of the specific identity of these insects. So far as my feeble efforts permit me, I have attempted to elucidate this subject, although fully aware that there are many individuals who cordially despise the knowledge of species, and insist upon that of structure alone being useful, a point upon which I intend to dilate at a future period ; for the present I shall content myself with remarking upon the discrepancy of form observable in this genus, by which the entomologist will see, that even in the most modern views, relative structure and habit of all the species in a genus is not invariably attended to, as upon a casual glance the most inex- perienced eye would detect the dissimilarity of structure in this genus as at present constituted ; for it contains not only two very dissimilar forms in the perfect state of the insect, but also in their transformations, though I have not detached them from their hitherto reputed congeners, as I do not choose to increase the number of genera already proposed : although the same principles which au- thorise the separation of Gonepteryx from Colias, or even of Pieris and Leucophasia, from Pontia, would fully justify me. Mr. Kirby, in the Butterfly-Collector's Vade-Mecum, observes, that P. Car- damines should be detached on account of its metamorphosis, and presumes that it ought to be united Avith Colias ; but its organiza- tion in the perfect state will not allow of such an arrangement, as Colias evidently belongs to a different group of Papilionidae, and the structure of the pupa of P. Cardamines is not materially dissi- milar to that of Leucophasia Sinapis belonging to the present group. I shall therefore divide the genus into two sections, corre- sponding with the dissimilarity of form alluded to above : the first of which will embrace the true Pontile ; and the second, those in- sects which, if necessary to create into a new genus, may, after Hiibner, be termed Mancipia. A. With the terminal joint of the palpi longer than the second : the apex of the anterior wings obtusely angled : the posterior wings not variegated be- neath : the pupa strongly angulated, with a distinct short process in front, and projecting lateral appendages in front of the wing-cases. (Pontia). Sp. 1. Brassicse. Alls albis, anticls supra apicc nigr'icante, subtus maculis duahus nigris, posticis subtus JlavcsccntibiiS. (Exp. alar. 2 unc. G— 9 lin.) IC) HAUSTELLATA.—LEPIDOPTERA. Pa» Brassicse. LinnL—Don. xiii. pi 446.— Po. Brassicae. Steph. Catal. Both sexes of this destructively common insect have the upper surface of aU the wings white, with the tip of the anterior wings above black, the patch on its inner edge being indented, the points of the indentations following the direc- tion of the nervures, and the extreme tip being sUghtly irrorated with white, with the cilia waved with black and yellowish : the female has also two roundish transverse spots on the disc, and an elongate triangular one on the thinner margin of the wing : the costa and base of the anterior wings are irro- rated with dusky, and sometimes tinged with yellowish : and the posterior wings have a black costal spot : beneath, the under surface of the anterior wings in both sexes is similar; the tips being yellowish, the base sUghtly irrorated with dusky, and two transverse spots adorning the disc : the posterior wings are pale yellowish, with a very obsolete costal spot, and are rather thickly sprinkled with dusky, especially in the female : the body and antenns are black above, and white beneath, the latter have an interrupted brown Une from the base to the capitulum, which gives them the appearance of being annulated, the ca- pitulum itself is yellowish at the tip. Var. /3. Male with a black spot on the disc of the anterior wings. Var. y. Female with the upper surface of the posterior wings yellowish. The caterpillar is greenish with three yellow longitudinal lines, one placed on the back, the others on the sides ; between these are several tubercular black spots, each bearing a pale hair : the tail is black : the chrysalis is greenish, spotted with black, with three yellow stripes. This species makes its appearance about the middle of May, or earlier if the weather be favourable, and towards the end of the month it lays its eggs, which are obtuse and elevated vertically, in clusters on the under side of cabbage leaves. The caterpillars are hatched in a few days, and continue to feed together till the end of June ; they then prepare to undergo their change, and search for a convenient place to attach themselves : when they have made choice of a situation they fasten their tail by a web, and carry a strong thread of silk round their body near the head, and after hanging a few hours, the chrysalis becomes perfectly formed ; in about sixteen days the butterfly is produced; — but in the year 1818, when the various species of Pontia abounded so greatly near the metropolis as to attract the notice of the public journalists, I had a brood of this species, which was scarcely seven complete days in the pupa state : — the thermometer during the period varying from 70° to 80**. The caterpillars from this brood become full fed by the middle of September, and change to the pupa, in which state they continue throughout the winter, and put on their final change in the follow- ing spring about May. IT 1 11.^ < « * :W, Wings above milk-white, with a dusky, rounded, spot at tlie tip of tlie anterior, and the base of all a little irroratcd with dusky: beneath the same, with the tip and base yellowish tinged with green, ajid thickly irroratcd witli cinereous, as the costaisalso: the posterior wings are slightly tinged with yellowish, and thickly sprinkled with dusky irrorations disposed in clouds, having the appearance of transverse fasciae, and leaving some patches of the ground colour quite clear : body cinereous above, white beneath : antennjc white, with black rings : the female differs in having the wings more rounded. Var. ^. With the spot at the apex of the anterior wings above deep black. Var. V. With the wings above immaculate white, or cream-colour. Caterpillar green, with a deep yellow lateral line : it feeds on the Lotus corni- culatus and Lathyrus pratensis, but not upon the cabbage, as stated in the Butterfly Collector's Vade-AIecum. The chrysalis is fusiform, resembling that of Po. Cardamines and Daplidice ; it is greenish with a yellow streak on the sides, and white spots on the stigmata. Not uncommon at the end of May and beginning of August at Coombe and Darenth Woods : it also occurs in other places. Genus VI. — Pieris. Antenna' with an abrupt, obconic, slightly compressed club : palpi short, three- jointed, the basal joint long, recurved, cylindric ; second about half the length of the first, the terminal one slender, about the length of the second, linear : wings sparingly covered with scales, subdiaphanous ; the anterior subtri- angular, the posterior suboval, with a groove to receive the abdomen : legs aUke in both sexes : claws distinct, bifid. Caterpillars subfusifonn, hairy, slightly tuberculated. Chrysalis angidated, head-case very obtuse, fastened transversely by a thread. Latreille having adopted the term Pieris to designate the Eu- ropean Pontise and the genera which have recently been detached therefrom, and his Pi. Cratsegi being placed as the type, I have here employed it in preference to coining a new name, being uncertain of Genus VII. — Dokitis, Fabricius. Antenna; rather short, with an abrupt, nearly oval, straight club: palpi a little elevated above the head, distinctly three-jointed, cyhndric-conic : wings sub- oval, sparingly covered with scales : the posterior excised : legs similar in both sexes: claws simple; females with a strong carinated concave membrane on the posterior segment of the abdomen. Caterpillar with tentacula. Chrysalis oval, foUiculated. I Sp. 1. Apollo. Alls alhis; post ids ocellis supra quatuor, snhtus sex, hasique ruhris. Linne. (Exp. alar. 3 unc.) Pa. Apollo. Linne. — Don. xiii. /)/. 433.— Do. Apollo. Steph. Caial. Wings white : the anterior wings with five black spots : the base and costa Haustellata. Vol. I. 1st September, 1897. e 26 IIAUSTF.IXATA. LF.PIDOPTF.R A. the species which originally formed the type of the genus Pieris of Schrank,— which name I am, however, aware has been used by Mr. Swainson, in his Zoological Illustrations, for a group of South American white butterflies, but, in my opinion, improperly. sprinkled witli black dots, and the hinder margin nearly transparent and fuscous, a little irrorated with dusky, with an irregular waved dusky band parallel with the hinder margin, and sprinkled with white : the under surface is nearly similar, but the two black spots towards the tip are nearly eva- nescent, and are red in the centre : the posterior wings above have the base and inner edge dusky : an ocellus with a white pupil, surrounded by a red and black iris on the costa, and another similar one on the disc : these ocelli appear on the under surface, which is also adorned at the base with an inter- rupted red band externally bounded by black, and on the inner edge is an irregular dash of red, edged with black, tending towards the discal ocellus : the base of the wing is dusky, and there is a faint trace of a fascia of spots parallel with the hinder margin : the body is dusky, clothed with cinereous hairs : the antennae white, with a black club. Caterpillar velvety-black, clothed with short stiff black hairs; and adorned with two rows of deep orange spots, one dorsal, the other ventral ; the margins of the segments are black, edged with blue : the head is small in proportion to the body, and the neck is furnished with a yellow, furcate, retractile, tenta- cule : it feeds on the saxifragae. The chrysalis is black, powdered with blue ; it is thick, short, oval, spotted with red on each side anteriorly : is usually accompanied by the exuviae of the larva, and subfolliculated. This elegant insect, which is a native of the Alps and the high mountains of Europe, is said by Donovan, from the vague notice given in the preface to Lepidoptera Britannica, p. 29, to be a native of the isle of Lewes, one of the Hebrides; but from information subsequently obtained from Professor Hooker, it appears that the specimen supposed to have been captured there, was in a box of insects belonging to Lord Seaforth, which had been sent from Norway, where Do. Apollo abounds. + Sp. 2. Mnemosyne. Alls albis, nigro nerro.iis ; primorihns viaciiUs dt'ohi/.i nigris marginalibus. Linne. (Exp. alar. 2 unc. 4 — 6 lin.) Pa. Mnemosyne. Linne — Turton — Do. Mnemosyne. Sfeph.Caial. Similar to the foregoing, but less, and without the ocelli : wings white, with black nervures : the anterior on both surfaces, with the base, dusky ; two black spots in the middle towards the costa ; the hinder margin membrana- ceous, transparent, fuscous, with an obsolete white band composed of spots parallel with the margin : there is also a triangular fuscous spot between the marginal band and the posterior edge of the basal areolet* : the posterior wings * The term areolet was used by Mr. Kirby prior to the generally adopted one of cell, or cellule, of Jurine and subsequent writers.— Vide Kirhy and Spencc, . Int. V. iii. p. 625. rAPiMoN'iD.K. — Plains. 27 Sp. 1. Crala'gi. A lis fere amcvloribm albis, renin nif>ri.s. (Kxp. alar, 'i unc. t— lOliii.) Pa. Crativgi. Linm: — Lewiii. jd '^il.f. 1 — !•.— Pi. C'ratx'gi. Sfe/jlt. Catal. An elegant insect : both surfaces of the wings are white, with black ncrvures, and nearly correspond; above, the anterior wings are margined on their outer edge with irregular triangular transparent dusky spots, the nervures being black, with the transverse one at the tip of the basal areolet very broad : the posterior wings are similarly bordered on their outer edges, but the nervures are less expanded on the disc : beneath, the anterior wings resemble the upper surfaces, but the nervures are more dilated ; the posterior wings, on the con- trary, have the nervures much stronger than on the upper surface, and are very thickly irrorated with dusky : both sexes have the wings very transpa- rent, the female especially; and this sex has the nervures generally brownish. Var. fc\ Without the black spots on the hinder margin of the anterior wings. The caterpillar lives in society, beneath a silken web, during the earlier periods of its existence : it is at first black ; it afterwards becomes furnished with very short yellow and white hairs, and three black, longitudinal lines, one dorsal, the other lateral : it feeds on the whitethorn. The chrysahs is yellow or white, with small stripes and spots of black : the perfect insect appears in about three weeks. This elegant insect is somewhat periodical in its appearance, at least near London, In June, 1810, I saw it in plenty at Coombe- wood, and in the following year 1 captured several at Muswell- hill, since which time I have not seen any at large. Mr. Haworth informs me that it used to occur constantly at Chelsea, but he has not seen any of late. In the New Forest, near Brockenhurst, and near Herne-bay, in Kent, it abounds, and I believe regularly : it is also found near Enborne, Berks, and Glanville's-Wootton, Dor- set, as I am informed by Mr. Dale. Family II.— NYMPHALID/E, Swainson. Antenna- with a distinct club, sometimes nuich compressed and abruptly pro- «luced, or formed gradually and scarcely compressed ; not hooked at the tip : unter'wr le^s in both sexes more or less imperfect, intermediate and posterior perfect, furnished with moderate bifid claws, or simple with an unguiform appendage: hinder tibics with one pair of spurs only, or simple: jiosferior winfrs with a groove to receive the abdomen. Larva cylindric, spinose, or are also similar on both surfaces : their inner edge is dusky, and there is an indistinct small dusky spot on the costa, and a black one towards the centre of the disc : the body is black, covered with cinereous down, and the antenme are totally black. Caterpillar and chrysalis unknown ; the perfect insect is a native of the alpine countries of Europe, and has been incorrectly marked as an indigenous species by Dr. Turton. 28 HAU.STELLATA. LKPIDOPTKRA. • tuberculated, sometimes downy and bimucronate behind : pupa angulated, not fastened transversely. It has been justly observed by Mr. Swainson, that the insects of this family are conspicuous for their strength of body, rapidity of flight, superiority of size, and brilliancy of colouring ; but these perfections are counterbalanced by the imbecility of their anterior legs, M'liich are generally destitute of claws, and frequently so short as to be perfectly useless. In proof of these observations it will be sufficient to notice the powerful and daring evolutions of the beau- tiful Vanessa? and Argynni, the graceful flight of the Limenites, or the splendid iridescence of the " imperial purple plumes" of the Apaturse, among the indigenous species. The genera may be known by the following concise definitions : f brevissimi : . . 8. Nemeobius. /■ nudi : Palpi < -i • • • rv n r . . , , i i „;* 1 -^ , piloSlSSimi : 9. 3lELITi«;A. Aiitenna abrupte % (^capite longius, C ^ clavatiB : Ociill , ' inferlorr.i < clavatss: Octill J inferlorcs i pubescentes: , . ^ ^^'^ h'^^"*' = [O- Argynnis. V. Alceantica-^''^^^^^^'- • ' '^ Vanessa. ^ baud angulatas : . 12. Cynthia. , 4„ .X 1 ^- r ^■^ f-, T S nudi: . 13. Avatura. Antenncc extrorsum srradatiiri I recta : Oculi ; , -, t t • ° 1 ^ ) t pubescentes: 14. Ijimenitis. crassiores, clava< ^ (^ plus minusve arcuata : . 15. Hipparchia. Genus VIII. — Nemeobius*. Palpi horizontalj very short;, hairy, three-jointed, basal joint minute, short, stouter than the following, which is elongate, nearly cylindric, a little curved at the base, terminal joint truncate-conic, nearly half as long as the second : anteniiw terminated by a short compressed club : anterior wings short, tri- angular; posterior suborbicular, denticulated: a?(^e?7'or /e."-* imperfect, very hairy, in the male short, resembling the others in the female: tarsi with minute, simple claws : posterior tibice without spurs Larva and chrysalis unknown. It is surprising that the advocates for closely subdividing insects into genera agreeably to their structure, should have permitted the present anomalous genus to remain associated with Melitaa, Fabr. its prima facie appearance being so totally unlike the individuals of that genus, and its structure not only remarkably different from that of the other Fritillaries, as they are termed, but in many re- spects at variance with the characters of the family, as instanced in the simplicity of the claws and posterior tibise. Its extremely short palpi, and the difi'erent neuration and brevity of the wings, suffi- ciently point out the present genus from the two following. * N£,«of, iieinus! ; ftou', vivo. NVMPHALIDiE. NEIMEOBIUS. — MELITiEA. 29 Sp. 1. Lucina. Alts deniiculatis, supra fuscis, maculis ftilvis, posticis suhtiis fasciis Juahus viaciilaribus ulhidiK. (Exp. alar. 1 unc 1 unc. t lin.) Pa. Lucina. Linn.— Don. \u. pi. 242. J! 2. — Mc. Lucina. Steph. Catal. The smallest indigenous species of this family : the upper surface of all the wings is obscure brown, with irregular spots of fulvous, disposed transversely, the base of the wings being immaculate, and the outer row of spots being adorned in the centre with a black dot : the anterior wings beneath are some- what similar to the upper surface, but paler, with two ranges of fuscous spots towards the tip, which is also spotted with whitish ; the posterior wings beneath are deep fulvous, with two rows of subquadrate white spots, and a marginal striga of black dots : the cilia on both surfaces are white, interrupted by fuscous : the upper part of the body and the antenna are dusky. Var. 6. Both sexes with the upper surfaces of all the wings pale fulvescent^ with paler spots. The male has frequently the upper surface of the posterior wings nearly all fuscous, with a single marginal row of lunulated fulvous spots; and the female has often a whitish transverse band of spots on the centre of the upper surface of the same wings. The caterpillar and chrysalis are unknown ; the former is said by Stewart to feed on grasses. Far from a rare species, thougli not very frequently met with, being local. I have taken it abundantly at Coombe-wood, and occasionally at Darenth, at the end of May. In Ray's time it was found at Boxhill and near Duhvich. Mr. Dale has taken it in the New Forest, and in Dorsetshire and Berkshire. Genus IX. — Meliivea, Fabricius. Palpi ascending, long, divaricating, very hairy, three-jointed ; basal joint mo- derate, a little bent, second elongate, cylindric, or subfusiform ; terminal joint acicular, half the length of the preceding, or short and minute, sometimes ovate: antennw with a short abrupt compressed club : anterior wings elongate triangular, posterior orbicular : anterior legs imperfect in the male, short in the female: tarsi with double nails, or with simple claws, furnished with an unguiform appendage. Larva pubescent, with fleshy tubercles, or spines. Chi-ysalis slightly angulated, head-case obtuse. I may here reiterate the observations in pag;c 15 concerning the dissimilarity of structure apparent in the contents of modern genera; but for similar reasons to those there stated, I shall retain the genus Melitsea without further change than the removal of Xemeobius therefrom: I shall therefore merely point out the sectional cha- racters, previously remarking, that the species may be distinguished from the Argynni by their elongated anterior wings, and that the structure of the paljii and silvery patches on the inlerior surface of 30 HAUSTELLATA.— LEIMDOPTEIIA. their posterior wings in the last section, beautifully exhibit the gradual manner in which nature leaves one conterminous group for another. A. Palpi very slender, the second joint a little bent at the base, nearly cylin- dric, the terminal acute, half as long as the preceding : wings fasciated with yellow, or ochraceous beneath. Sp. 1. Athalia. Alis supra nigris fulvo tessellalis, posticis mhtusjlavidisfusciis dualnts julvis posteriore lumdis nigris insignatd. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 7 — 9. lin.) Pa Athaha. Esper. — Pa. Dictynna. Lewin. pi. 14., / 5, 6.— Me. Athaha. Steph. Catal. Above black, tessellated transversely with fulvous : anterior wings beneath ful- vous, with a few black dashes towards the costa, and some yellow spots at the tip : posterior wings with a fascia at the base composed of four nearly square yellowish spots, each edged with black : a brown band, in which is an oblong yellow spot also edged with black ; succeeded by another band, of a yellow or ochraceous colour, formed of numerous united spots, each edged with black : then a band of brown lunules edged with black ; and finally a third yellowish marginal band of six lunules, also edged with black : cilia yellowish, spotted with black. Var. /3. Wings black above, with alternate transverse rows of whitish and pubescent tessellations : the central band on the posterior wings beneath com- posed of one row of yellowish elongate spots. Var. ). Wings black above, with the two rows of fulvous tessellations towards the hinder margin of the anterior wings united, Var. i. Wings black above with very small fulvous spots, those on the outer margin wedge-shaped, and the bases of all the wings above nearly immaculate. Caterpillar black, shining, with two white dotted lines on each segment, and white tubercles on the side: it feeds on plantain. Chrysalis gray-brown, spotted with black on the wing cases, and with a series of black and reddish spots on the hinder part of the body. A very variable species, and rather uncommon in the neighbour- hood of London : it is, however, abundant in some parts of Devon- shire, towards the end of May. According to Petiver, it was frequent in Cain-wood in his time. This species is usually known by the name M. Dictynna, but the insect which accords with the Fabrician description has not been observed in Britain. I have therefore reverted to the original name proposed by Esper. I may here remark, that owing to the insuf- ficiency of the original characters, much confusion has arisen in the nomenclature of the Melitsese, as many of the recently discovered species differ so slightly, that the same general description will apply to several. 'J'l nn NYMPH AI.in.T.. MF.I.IT.EA. 31 i Sp. 2. Pyronia. Plate IV. f. 1, 2. — Alisfulvis Utiiria vigris, posfiri.i nifrriM strigdjtihid, subtits fasciti nigrd vents fiilcis, posticisfascid albidd vcnis ma- culisque atris. — Haw. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 7 lin.) Pa. Pyronia. Hitbner. — Me. Pyronia. Steph. Cainl. Rather less than Me. AthaUa : anterior wings above deep fulvous, with the base, the ncrvures, blotches in the middle, a waved streak and marj^inal band black : posterior black above, with a waved streak towards the middle, composed of six subquadrate fulvous spots : beneath, the anterior wings are fulvous, with two quadrate black spots at the base, a broad black band intersected by ful- vous veins, a streak near the hinder margin composed of black confluent lunules, and a very narrow black marginal streak : posterior wings fulvous at the base, with about eight angulated contiguous black spots : in the middle a broad waved whitish band intersected by black veins, behind the band a streak of fulvous lunules, edged with black, then an undulated streak towards the hinder margin of black lunules, with ochraceous lunules adjoining, and finally a narrow marginal black streak : the cilia in all the wings are black and white. This lovely insect, the Pa. Eos of Hawortli, or the Pa. Pyronia of Hubner, was captured near London (I believe at Peckham), in June, 1803, and is by Ochsenheimer reputed to be a variety only of the preceding species, and I think not without reason, as its chief distinction appears to consist in the greater intensity of the black markings on the posterior wings above, and on the bases of both M'ings below, characters which frequently accompany the in- dividuals of the group of Nymphalidis called Fritillaries ; but until connecting varieties are obtained, it is better to follow Mr. Ha- worth's views, and doubtingly to consider it distinct from Me. Athalia. t Sp. 3. tesseUata. Plate V. f. 1,2. — AUs supra fulvis nigro iessellatis, i>os- ticis subtiis straviineis fasciis tribus Jlavidis liinnlisque nigris. (Exp. alar, ex Jig. Petir. 1 unc. 8 lin.) Pap. fritillaria tessellata serotina subtus straminea. Pdiver, pi. 3.f. 11, 12. — Me. tessellata. Sfeph. Caial. Similar in size and shape to Me. Athalia, but evidently distinct : the wings are rather paler above : the anterior more fulvous beneath : the posterior are very dissimilar to those of the above insect, being entirely straw-coloured, with black nervures : at the base are three large square yellowish spots surrounded by black : an arcuated band in the middle composed of yellowish somewhat quadrate spots, which are nearly confluent, and placed in a double row, and edged with black : there is then a streak of black lunules pointing outwards : then a marginal band composed of yellowish spots encircled with black, eadi yellow spot being a black lunule : the ciUa are white, intersected with black. Through the kindness of my friend Mr. Westwood I am enabled 32 HAUSTELLATA.— LEPIDOPTEIIA. gratuitously to present my readers with facsimiles of this and an- other apparently lost species of Papilionaceous insects which are depicted in the rare " Papiliones Britannise," &c. by Petiver. From the general accuracy which characterises this author's figures, there is no doubt of this insect being distinct from M. Athalia, which is figured by him as the Pap. tessellata serotina subtus al- bida ; and as his Pa. tessellata serotina subtus straminea has not been observed in modern times, I have, at the suggestion of Mr. Haworth, who kindly offered the use of his copy of the work for the purpose, republished Petiver's figures, tinted, in his rough style, and resembling the present appearance of the originals, in order to obtain some information relative to the existence of the species in these days. In Petiver's time it was, as he informs us, " pretty common in Cain-wood." From its close approximation to Me. Athalia, I have no hesitation in referring it to the present section. B. Palpi incrassated, the second joint not cylindric, sometimes very broad and fusiform, the terminal joint minute, ovate. «. Wings fasciated ivith yellow or ochraceous beneath. Sp. 4. Artemis. Alis supra fusco-nigris, fulvo JJavidoque tesseUatis, posticis subtus fulvis fasciis tribus ochraceis, strigdque punciorimi subocellatorum utrinque. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 4 lin. — 1 unc. 11 lin.) Pa. Artemis. Linnc. — Don. y'li. pi. 242,/. 1.— Me. Artemis Steph. Catal. Wings above reddish-fulvous, undulated with black, and spotted with yellow- ish: the posterior with three distinct bands, of which the intermediate is fulvous, and bears a striga composed of from four to seven black dots : the imder surface of the anterior wings is glossy, and is very obscurely marked as above, but the black is nearly obliterated, and at the tip are some ochra- ceous dashes : the posterior wings beneath are fulvous, with three transverse ochraceous yellow bands usually and slightly edged with black : the basal band is irregular and broken, the central bent and entire, the third marginal and composed of lunules : between the outer bands is a row of seven black dots, obsoletely edged with ochraceous : the cilia are yellowish, interrupted on the anterior wings by dusky : the body and antennae are dusky. Var. iS. With the base and posterior margin of all the wings brown-black : the anterior wings tessellated with fulvous and whitish. Var. y. With the wings similar to the last at the base : the anterior with three oblong fulvous spots near the costa, towards the middle : then a fulvous fascia composed of very narrow elongated longitudinal stripes : a waved band com- posed of quadrate fulvous spots, and a black marginal band bearing lunulated fulvous spots : beneath similar to the first described. Var. S. Posterior wings beneath, with the irregular basal band, totally obliterated, the central band not edged with black externally. NY^rPHAMD/i:. — mf,lit.t-:a. 33 Var. (. The posterior wings beneath, with the basal half iiilvous, the exterior half ochraceous, with an obsolete row of black spots. The caterpillar is black above and yellowish beneath, with a lonp;itudinal row of small white dots on the back and on each side : the head and s])ines are black : the legs red-brown. It feeds on the devirs-])it scal)ious (Scabiosa succisa) and on various kinds of plantain ; it makes its appearance in September, and the young brood keeps together under a web, in which it passes the winter ; about the end of April the caterpillar is full grown, and changes to the chry- salis, which is of a greenish- white, spotted with black, with yellow tubercles at the extremity of the body ; the butterfly is produced in about fifteen days. A local species, rare near London, but particularly abundant near Brighton, and at Enborne in Berks : it also occurs near Nor- wich—in Clapham-park, Bedfordshire — in Dorsetshire— in Gla- morganshire—at Eriswell and Mildenhall, in Suftblk— Dartmoor, in Devonshire — and at Beacharawell, in Norfolk, usually towards the end (if May. Sp. 5. Cinxia. Alis supra fulvis, niyro-reticulatis, pnsticis subtih fasciis tribns flavescentibus, nigyo-maculatis, strirjfique pimctorum suboccllatorurn utriiique. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 9 — 11 lin.) Pa. Cinxia. Limit:. — Lcwln, pi. 14..— Ale. Cinxia. Steph. Cutal. Wings above yellowish-fulvous, prettily reticulated with black ; the posterior with four or five black dots, placed transversely, in each of the fulvous spots, towards the anal angle of the wing : the cilia above white, interrupted by black : beneath, the anterior wings are brighter than above, with a few black markings, the tip yellowish, with a double series of black dots, the inner one waved ; posterior wings with three yellowish angulated bands, edged and spotted with black, arid two irregular tawny-orange ones, the hasal one very irregular, and the other with a row of ocellated spots, with a black pupil and i" Sp. 6. Maturna. Alispwpurascentibusnigro-maeulatis; subtits fasciis tribut Jlavis. Linne. Pa. Maturna. Liiinc. — Me. Maturna. Steph. Catal. Wings above fulvous, tessellated with black and white ; beneath safTron-rcd, with three yellow fascia?, the first interrupted and composed of four or five irregular spots; the second with greenish spots; the third marginal, com- posed of lunules. Caterpillar black, shining, with three spotted yellow lines, one dorsal, two lateral ; it feeds on plantain, aspen, sallow, beech, &c. ; chrysalis whitish- green, spotted with black and yellow. I have no doubt this insect has been erroneously introiluced into our Fauna (by Stewart), in consequence of Linuipus referring to A\'ilkes's table 11. fig. i). for a figure; as there is no authentic instance of Me. Maturna having been found in Britain : the insect figured by ^Vilkes being Me. Athalia. IIaustellata. \'oi,. I. 1st Octobek, 1827. i 34 HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPTERA. yellowish iris, corresponding with the series on the upper surface ; ciUa yel- lowish, interrupted with black : body black above, yellowish beneath : an- tenntc brownish above, interrupted with whitish, which last colour predo- minates beneath. Caterpillar black, spotted with white : the head and prolegs fulvous : the legs and spines black. Chrysalis stout, black, sprinkled on the ventral segments with grayish dots, and on the back with fulvous tubercles : the perfect insect appears in about a month. The cateqiillar feeds on various kinds of plan- tain, on ribwort, speedwell, mouse-eared hawkweed, Szc. ; it is produced in the autumn, and lives throughout the winter in society, beneath a silken web, and in April it becomes full grown and changes to a pupa ; it is much sub- ject to the attacks of ichneumonida and muscidae. This is a very local species, and is found in meadows by the sides of woods : in Wilkes's time it was not uncommon in Tottenham- wood : recently the places where it has been chiefly observed have been near Hyde and the Sandrock hotel, Isle of Wight; in the latter place in plenty : also at Birch-wood, and near Dartford and Dover, and in a wood near Bedford. I believe it has been found in Yorkshire; and from Ray, p. 121, it would appear to have been abundant in Lincolnshire in his time. It generally flies in June. b. Posterior wings more or less spotted with silver. Sp. 8. Selene. Alis f'lihis, vif/ro-itianilutis, posticis suhlui ferruf/ineo fiavidoque vuriegatis, maciilis argcnteis ocelloqne nigra pupillu rnft'i, strigfiqiie posticti e punctis atris. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 8 — 11 lin.) Pa. Selene. Fabricius. — Pa. Euphrasia. Lcwin, pi. 13. — Me. Selene. Stcjjh. Catul. Rather less than the next, which it closely resembles on the upper surface, but J Sp. 7. Dia. Alis J'nscis, testaceo-maculatis ; subtus waejilis quatuor ordini- husque punctorum duobns argcnteis. Linne. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. — 10 lin.) Pa. Dia. Linns.— Stewart.— Me. Dia. Sttph. Catal. ^Fings above fulvous, spotted with black ; the base of the posterior nearly black ; beneath, the latter are purplish, with six or seven small silvery spots at the base, intermixed with minute yellowish dots; a band composed of silvery and yellowish spots, then a puplish-white streak, in which is a series of circular spots, slightly piipillated ; and finally, in the margin is a series of silvery lunules: the cilia are whitish, interrupted by brown. Caterpillar black, the back griseous with a longitudinal Une, the spines altei-- nately white and reddish : it feeds on the viola odorata : chrysalis yellowish, varied with black. Stewart appears to have introduced this species; but he does not give any authority for so doing. I have a reputed English specimen, but as I cannot vouch for its authenticity, it is better to remain silent. Like the other two species of this section. Me, Dia is double-brooded on the continent. NY.MPHALi D^K — m5:i,it,i:a. 35 the under surface, especially of the posterior wings, is very dissiniilar: their i;;roinul colour is ferru}j;inous, with a ])righter hand at the base, which is hor- ilered on each side with a row of irregular silver and yellow spots, forming two bands^ and has in its centre a large black ocellus, with a rufous pupil ; the rest of the wing is varied with ferruginous and yellowish, with about three silvery spots, placed transversely ; on the inner and anterior mar- gins a striga composed of black dots ; and lastly six conical silver spots, edged internally with black : the cilia of all the wings are yellowish, inter- rupted with brown : the anterior wings are more distinctly varied with black than in Mc. Euphrosyno, and the hinder margin is more strongly tii'jK'd with ferruginous or deep brown, and has a very distinct row of conical black spots, pointing inwards. i Var, li. With the upper surface of the wings whitish. Caterpillar black, with a clear lateral stripe ; spines half yellow. A very common and beautiful insect ; occnrrin};- on lieatlis anti in woods tlirou^liout the southern parts of Britain, bein^ frequently met with so far west as Dartmoor, in De\on : the first brootl appears in May, the second in August. Sp. 9. Euphrosync. Alls fidvis, nifjro-maoilalis : posticis suhttis rufo fIavo(jnr vai'ietfulis, vinciilis )iovetn, harum svptein marguiahs, arfjciileis, ad basin ocvUn Jluoo piijjilld niffr/i. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 9 — 11 hn.) Pa. Euphrosyne. Linne. — Don, \i. pi. 312. — Me. Euplirosyne. SUph. Cat il. AVings above pale fulvous, irregularly spotted with black at the base, with a row of round black spots near the hinder margin, then a row of conical spots, the points inward, and finally, a marginal series of dusky spots, bounded by a slender black line : cilia yellowish, interrupted witli black : the anterior wings beneath are rather brighter than above, and are spotted irregularly with black tOAvards the middle ; the tip is rather ferruginous, with yellowish patches : the posterior wings at the base are rusty-red, with one or more silvery, and some yellowish spots, and a yellowish ocellus with a black pupil ; towards the centre is a bent fascia, composed of irregular yellow spots, and one longitudinal, somewhat wedge-shaped, silvery one in the middle, followed by a broad band, varied with ferruginous and yellowish, in which is an ob- solete series of fuscous spots; finally, the posterior margin is ornamented with seven subconical silvery spots : cilia yellowish, interrupted by brown : body dusky above, grayish beneath : antenna.' black, ringed with white, with the tip of the club fulvous. Var. ^. With the marginal fascia of silvery spots on the posterior wings wanting. Var. y. With the basal half of all the wings above black, spotted with fulvous ; with large black spots on the anterior wings beneath. t Var. J. With the ground colour of all the wings, ])Oth above and below, pale fulvous yellow. ■)- Var. i. Plate IV. * f. 3.— Wings above pale fulvous, irregidarly spotted with black: anterior beneath pale, varied with yellowish and ferruginous 36 HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPTERA. towards the tips, with some obsolete black and dusky spots on the disc : pos- terior wings variegated with ferruginous;, yellowish^ and greenish, with the pupil of the ocellus very large, the discoidal silvery spot produced to the hinder margin, and the usual marginal spots lengthened inwardly ; the usual fascite are obhterated, but the silvery spot at the base is somewhat apparent. Caterpillar black, with two dorsal spotted orange stripes : it feeds on the viola montana. Like the preceding species, this is a very generally distributed insect, and is found throughout the southern parts of Britain ; it also occurs in the neighbourhood of Edinburgh : the first brood appears towards the end of May, and the second towards the ap- proach of autumn. I have no doubt of the varieties o and e be- longing to this species, although others are of a contrary opinion : the latter is the Pa. Thalia of the Entomological Transactions, vol. ii^ p. 333 ; but the Pa. Thalia of the continental writers is referred by Ochsenheimer and Godart to Me. Selene. Genus X. — Akgynnis, Fabrkins. Palpi ascending, long, divaricating, hairy, three-jointed, basal joint moderate^ curved upwards, second elongate, very broad, terminal very minute, slender^ acicular : antennae with a short, abrupt, compressed club : anterior wings tri- angular, j)Osterior suborbicular ; both somewhat dentate : anterior legs im- perfect ; tarsi with double nails. Larva spiny. Chrysalis subangular : gene- rally with metallic spots. The oral organs of the Argynnes greatly resemble those of the two last sections of the Melitsea ; nevertheless the insects of this genus may be readily distinguished from those of the preceding by the superior breadth of the wings, as well as the dissimilar form of the terminal joint of the palpi when denuded. In the Melitaja this joint is of an ovate form, and rather obtuse, whereas in the Argynnes it is conical, slender, and acute ; the proportions of all the joints are very similar, as well as the compressed form of the second : the palpi of Ar. Lathonia closely approximate to those of Me. Euphrosyne. Were the number sufficiently great, it would be advisable to divide the indigenous species into sections ; but as there are four (or five) only, I shall simply observe that Ar. La- thonia diifers from its congeners by the male being destitute of the dilated ncrvures so conspicuous in that sex of the other species, while in its habits it diifers in being double-brooded, and in ap- pearing periodically. Sp. 1. Lathonia. Alii< fulvis,distinctc niyro-viacnlatis ; posticis sitblus maculis NYMPHAIJD.E. AUCIYNNIS. 37 nnmerosis argeiUeis, strififiqne oalhnnn septemfernu/inconim pujnllu itrym- te/i. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 10 lin. — 2 unc. 1 lin.) Pa. Lathonia. Linni: — Don, iii, ;;/. 73.— Ar. Lathonia, AVe////. Cutnl. AVings above tawny-orange, distinctly spotted with black, with the base pow- dered with greenish : anterior beneath spotted as above, but paler, with the tip brown and bearing seven or eight more or less distinct silvery spots : the posterior wings are yellowish, varied with brown beneath, with above twenty- two silver spots of a very unequal" size and dissimilar form, of which about fifteen are placed between the base and the middle of the wings, and seven on the posterior margin : between these groups are seven ocellated spots of a dusky-brown, with silver pupils : cilia on all the wings above whitisli-fulvous, interrupted with black ; beneath fulvescent, with a few dusky spots. Caterpillar gray-brown, with a white line down the back, and spotted with black, with two brownish-yellow lateral lines : the spines and legs pale yel- low. Chrysalis anteriorly dull-brown, posteriorly greenish, sprinkled with gold and silver spots : a white streak at the end of the wing-cases : — the per- fect insect appears in about fifteen days. The caterpillar feeds on the Viola tricolor, Hedysarum onobrychis, and Anchusa officinalis. The effulgent metallic brilliancy of the silver spots which adorn the posterior wings of this beautiful insect beneath, renders it pre- eminently conspicuous in our collections; and its peculiar rarity contributes to the value of its acquisition. Previously to the year 1818, few cabinets possessed even a single specimen; and from the very few known instances of its capture (six only, according to Mr. Haworth), there is reason to believe that some of the .speci- mens at that time placed in collections were foreign ; but in the X Sp. 2. Niobe. Alls fulvis, nigro-maenlatis, posticis snhtiis maculis pallidis, sen argentcis, strigftque ocellorum fcrniginconun pupillu nrgente/i. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 8 lin.) Pa. Niobe. Linnc.— Stewart.— Ar.'Niohe. Stcph.i'utal. Wings fulvous, spotted with black, with the base above dusky : beneath, the anterior wings are similar, but the spots are smaller, and the base clear; the posterior wings are bufF-colour, variegated with ferruginous, with silvery or yellow spots, with a series of ferruginous ocelli, with silvery pupils. Caterpillar brownish, with orange-brown head and legs, a white dorsal stripe powdered with black, a black lateral stripe, and a whitish triangular spot on the side : spines whitish and reddish alternately. Stewart gives this as a British species, but without any authority : I may, how- ever, add, that among the insects purchased by Mr. Dale, from the professed indigenous collection of the late Dr. Abbot, of Bedford, was a single speci- men of this species, which was considered by the Doctor . Aglaia. Alis ftilris, n'hjro-mnculntis, posticis svhtiis vircsccnti-flavidis maculis plurimis argcntcis. (Exp. alar. 2 unc. t— 10 lin.) Pa. Aglaia. Linni: — Lcwiii,pl. 11. — Ar. Aglaia. — S/c/ift. Catal. Very similar to Ar. Adippe above, but rather paler, with the marginal band on the wings more distinct : anterior wings beneath also resembling those of the preceding insect, with the tips greenish, and bearing more silver spots on the hinder margin : posterior wings green, with the anterior margin of the costal areolet, the marginal half of the inner abdominal areolet, and the tip of the following one, silver ; at the base of the wing are six or seven silver spots, of which the three basal ones are smallest ; behind these, and parallel with the hinder margin, is a bent band, composed of seven unequal silver spots; and on the margin is another band of seven equal silver spots, the latter edged with green, the former with a narrow black line on tlieir anterior margin : between the two rows of silver spots there is a clear yellowish-bufi^ fascia, and a spot of the same colour towards the centre of the wing : body and antenna? as in Adippe : the male has also two dilated nervures on the anterior wings, and the female is distinguished by being darker, and having a row of yel- lowish spots on the marginal band of the wings. f Var. JS. Similar to var. c, except that one of the numeral characters on the costa of the anterior wings on both surfaces is obliterated by its confluence with the next ; and the six basal silver spots on the under side of the posterior wings are united into three larger ones. f Var. y. Similar to the last beneath ; but each spot of (lie series of round spots, which run parallel with the hinder margins of both wings, is united with the corresponding marginal lunule, giving tlic appearance of a series of busts on the edge of the wings. 40 HAUSTELLATA. LEPIDOPTF.RA. Caterpillar dusky, with a pale line clown the back, and a row of eight square red spots along each side : it feeds solitarily on the Viola canina (dog's violet). Chrysalis red, varied with brown. A common species throughout the south of Britain, which I have received from Devonshire, and captured in plenty at Dover, and in several intermediate places. It affects woods, meadows, heaths, and downs, and is found in July and August. The varieties /3 and 7 are both referable to the Pa. Charlotta of Ha- worth; the former being the description of the typical variety, the latter that of an evident variety of Ar. Aglaia, beautifully ex- hibiting the variable nature of this species and the insufficiency of the mere confluence ox absence of spots or lines to constitute a specific difference. Sp. 5. Paphia. Alisfulvis, yiigro-maculatis, posticis subttis virescentikusfasciis quatn.ir argenteis. (Exp. alar. 2 unc. 8 lin. — 3 unc.) Pa. Paphia. Lhine.—Lewin, pi. 9.— Ar. Paphia. Stcph. Catal. Wings above fulvous in the male, virescent in the female, with numerous lon- gitudinal and transverse black lines and bars, and a triple series of mar- ginal black spots : anterior wings beneath paler and less spotted, particularly at the tips, which are greenish ; the posterior wings are greenish beneath, with four irregular narrow pale-silvery waved bands, the first and second of which are anteriorly abbreviated, the third below the middle, reaching to the anal angle of the wing, the fourth marginal : between the two last bands is a series of ocelli, with a green iris and pale pupil, and on the margin is a row of green crescents : the cilia of all the wings above are fulvous interrupted by black, beneath paler, interrupted by ferruginous ; the body is fiUvous above, grayish beneath : the antennae are brownish, with the club black, tipped with fulvous. }• Var. P. Female with the wings above deep virescent, with some whitish spots at the tips of the anterior. The male has four dilated longitudinal nervures on the anterior, and two on the posterior wings : the female is greenish above, and the spots are usually larger than in the male. Caterpillar brownish, with a longitudinal line of yellow spots on the back : — it feeds solitarily on the Viola canina (dog's violet), Rubus idceus (raspberry), and Urtica dioica (nettle). The chrysalis is grayish, with golden protu- berances. An abundant species in woods and meadows, and generally dis- tributed throughout the south. It delights in settling on bramble- blossoms. Genus XI. — Vanessa, Fabricius. Pa/pi contiguous, porrected obliquely, terminated gradually in a point, and nymphalid;e. — vani:ss\. 41 resembling a beak, thickly clothed with scales and liair, three jointed, the basal joint short, curved upwards, second long, attenuated at the apex, third as long as the basal, somewhat acicular : antcuiicE with an abrupt, subcylindric, short club : wings more or less angulated at the hinder margin : pusten'or very hairy above, towards the inner edge : anterior legs imperfect, very hairy, resembling a tippet : tarsi apparently with large double nails, or furnished with an unguiforni process in adilition to the claws : eyes very pubescent. Caterpillar with long dentate spines, the first segment unanned. ChrysaUs very angular, with the head strongly bituberculated ; usually adorned with metaUic spots. The genus Vanessa contains the most vigorous and active of the British papilionaceous insects, which are no less distinguished by their boldness than by their superior size and the gaiety of their colours: — their angulated anterior wings at once distinguish the typical species from the Cynthise, but the form of the club of tiie antennie, and the difference in the structure of the palpi, as well as the dissimilar armature of the larvje, and more angular form of the pupse, appear to demand the separation of the latter genus from the present. It is with reluctance that I retain C. album and Atalanta in the genus, as the structure of their palpi and the form of their wings are decidedly unlike that of the typical species, and their habits are slightly dissimilar ; but, for reasons formerly related, I shall consider them merely as constituting sections. All the species hybernate. (Pa. Levana, Linne, evidently belongs to a genus distinct either from Vanessa or Cynthia : but from the rotundity of the anterior wngs, combined with the anastomosing colouring of all the wings beneath, I have placed it in the latter genus, notwithstanding the armed neck and gregarious habits of the larva. I may here remark that the attention of entomologists does not appear sufficiently aUve to the advantages resulting from the valuable subsidiary character derived from colour, which the recent observations of zoologists have satisfactorily proved is of more importance in pointing out groups than usually supposed '. I do not, however, wish to lay too much stress upon such a precarious cUagnostic, but merely throw out the hint that future observers may pronounce upon its merits, previously observing, that a very transient glimpse of a naturally arranged collection of lepidopterous insects clearly exhibits the prevalence of particular colours in each group, and the gradual manner in which they are blended in the conterminous genera.) A. Anterior wings narrow, irregularly sinuated ; posterior dentate, with a short tail : palpi densely clothed with scales, with a few short hairs. Caterpillar with the head bituberculate, gregarious. • Vide Vigor's Obs. on Psittacus. Zool. Joum. r. ii. p. tS, Sic Haustellata. Vol. I. 1st NovExMber, 1827. g 42 HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPTERA. Sp. 1. C. album. Alts supra fulvis, nigro-maculatis, posticis siihtus C. albo notatis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 9 lin.— 2 unc. 1 lin.) Pa. C. album. Linhe.—Lewin, pi. 5.— Va. C. album. Steph. Catal. Wings above fulvous, or dark orange, spotted with black and brown, with a brown posterior margin ; black spots on the anterior wings, in form, shape, number, and disposition similar to those on the following species : beneath, the anterior wings are dusky-brown, with a broad, irregular, green-marbled, pale band near the posterior margin : posterior wings very similar, with a reversed snowy- white C in the middle : near the posterior margin of all the wings is an irregular series of spurious ocelli, with a black pupil and green iris : body above dusky, with greenish hairs on the thorax : antennae black above, brown annulated with white beneath, with the tip of the club yellovdsh. Var. /E. With the wings beneath uniformly dusky, without the pale band near the posterior margin. Var. y. AU the wings beneath brown, with ochraceous bands beneath. All the varieties have a white C beneath, which is more or less attenuated, and angidated, in different specimens. The caterpillar is red-brown, with the back anteriorly yellow, posteriorly white : it feeds chiefly on the hop, and also on elm, willow, nettle, gooseberry, cur- rant, hazle, and honeysuckle. The chrysalis is flesh-coloured, contracted in the middle, and spotted with gold : when viewed laterally the anterior part bears a rude resemblance to the human face in profile, or rather, as observed by LatreiUe, to that of a satyr as fabled by the mythologists. This species lias become somewhat scarce every where within these few years. Prior to 1813 I used to find it very abundantly near Hertford, but since that period I liave not seen it ; — it has, however, occurred during tlie last and present seasons In several parts of the country ; and it appears to be generally distributed over the southern half of tlie kingdom*, frequenting woods, thickets, and gardens. There are two broods in the year; the first appearing to- wards the end of June, the latter about the middle of September. B. All the wings angulated, posterior with a short tail j colours beneath sombre : palpi clothed with hair, with a few scales intermixed. Caterpillars with simple heads, gregarious. Sp. 2. Polychloros. Alts supra fulvis, nigro-maculatis, posticis margine postico vigro, lunulis c(Eruleis ; alis omnibus subtus cinereis nigro^-fasciatis. (Exp. alar. 2 unc. 4 lin. — 3 unc.) Pa. Polychloros. LinnS. — Lewin, pi. 2. — Va. Polychloros. Steph. Catal. Wings above dark orange, with the base dusky, and furnished with greenish hairs : the anterior with two transverse abbreviated costal fasciae, separated by yellow ochre ; between which and the base is a somewhat ovate black spot : on the disc are two roundish spots, and near the interior margin two * Mr. Backhouse informs me that it is abundant near York. NYMPHALlDiE. — VANESSA. 43 Other larger spots : the hinder margin is black, with a series of pale crescents : the posterior wings dusky at the base, with a large black costal spot ; adjoin- ing which is a yellowish patch : the margin is black, with obscure bluish crescents ; the margin itself is brown, with two parallel pale lines, as in all the wings of Va. Urtica? : interiorly the wings are furnished with long tawny or greenish hairs: beneath, all the wings are clouded with black, with a broad, common, ash-coloured, clouded fascia behind, in which is a series of obscure bluish lunules : the anterior wings have three pale equidistant spots on tbe costa, and the posterior a white discoidal dot : the body is dusky, clothed with tawny hairs : the antenna; black, with the tip yellowish. Var. ;3. The anterior wings with a long black dash on the interior (or thinner) edge, as in the female of Pontia Brassicae. Var. y. The spot at the base of the wing divided in two. Var. S. Similar to the last ; but the posterior wings with a series of round black spots, within, and parallel with, the marginal fimbria. The caterpillar is bluish or brownish, with a yellow lateral stripe, with the spines slightly branched and yellowish. It feeds chiefly on the elm ; and while young, the brood continues under a silken web, dispersing after the first change. The clu-ysahs is flesh-coloured, with golden spots on the neck. This insect is also one of those which occasionally aj^pear in pro- fusion : during the past season it lias been particularly abundant near London, occurring in plenty in Copenlipgen-fields, and near Ripley, in Surry, last July. I captured in April last some faded specimens at the latter place, which had been produced in the pre- ceding year: near Ramsgate, Deal, and other jiarts of Kent, and also in the vicinity of Hastings, and in the New Forest, it likewise occurred during the past summer. It usually frequents woody places and lanes where elms abound. There is but one brood, which appears about the middle of July. Sp. 3. Urticffi. Alis supra tesiaceo-fulvis, nigro-macuJatis ; hasi nigra, mar- gineqne postico nigro, lunulis coeruleis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 10 lin.— 2 unc. 4 lin.) Pa. Urticte. Linne.—Lewin, pi. 3.— Va. Urticae. Sleph. Cnlul. "Wings above orange-tawny, with the base, and the hinder margin throughout, black, the latter with a series of blue crescents ; the margin itself is brown, with two parallel pale lines : the anterior wings above have the costal arcolct mottled with black and tawny : on the costa are two large subquadrate black spots; at the base two others, placed obliquely; and posteriorly, on the disc, two small round ones : between the two large costal spots and the anterior basal one are two yellow spots, and between the second basal spot and the anal angle is a third: towards the tip of the wing adjoining tbe pos'erior costal spot is a white one : the posterior wungs are black at the base, pow- dered with tawny, and covered with long tawny hairs : beneath, the anterior wings are pale, variegated with black, with the tip sprinkled widi brown, and the hinder margin with black lunules : the posterior wings are black at 44 HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPTERA. the base, wit a minute whitish discoidal spot, and a pale band marbled with brown, in which, towards the margin, is a series of angular black spots : the body is dusky, with a greenish pubescence : the antennae are annulated with black and white, with the tip of the club ochraceous. Var. (i. With the two round discoidal black spots on the anterior wings obhterated. The caterpillar is dusky, with two greenish-yeUow hues on the back, and one on each side: it feeds when young in society, but generally disperses after the first change. The chrysaUs is grayish, with golden spots on the neck, sometimes entirely golden. This elegant and very common species occurs throughout the kingdom in gardens, lanes, &c. and is produced twice in the season, about the end of June and beginning of September. Sp. 4. lo. Alls svpra britnneo-rubris, singulis ocello cwruleo, anticis maculis duabus costaliLus nigris, omnibus subtiis atro-nebulosis. (Exp. alar. 2 unc. 6 lin. — 3 unc.) Pa. lo. Liiine. — Leivin, pi. 4. — Va. lo. Steph. Catal. Wings above red-brown, or purplish, with the base and liinder margin dusky- ash : costal areolet black, with transverse pale-yeUow streaks : anterior margin with two large triangular black spots, with a yellow one between, and a large ocelliform spot adjoining the posterior edge of the one towards the apex of the wing ; this ocellus is anteriorly yellow, posteriorly blue, streaked with three bluish-white dots, and has for a pupil a large reddish-brown spot, darker anteriorly: there are also two other bluish-white spots, forming a continuous series parallel with the hinder margin, with the three which are placed in the ocellus : the posterior wings have towards the margin a large ocelliform spot, with a large black pupil spotted with blue, and a gray iris, terminated interiorly with a black crescent : beneath aU the wings are glossy brown, marbled, banded, and spotted with black ; the anterior with five minute white dots, corresponding with those on the upper surface, and the posterior with a single discoidal spot : the body is dusky, with rusty down : the an- tennae black above, brown beneath, with the tip yellowish: the legs are ochraceous. The caterpillar is glossy black, spotted with white, with the hinder legs ferru- ginous : it feeds on the Urtica urens and dioica. The chrysalis is green dotted with gold : the butterfly appears in about a fortnight. Va. lo is a very abundant and highly beautiful species, occurring in plenty in lanes, commons, woods, and fields, where nettles and thistles abound, throughout the southern portion of the kingdom about the end of July, and continuing till the following spring. Haworth states in his useful Lepidoptera Britannica, that only two instances of its capture had occurred in Yorkshire. I am, however, informed by Mr. Giles that it is plentiful in the New Walk, York ; and by Mr. Backhouse that it is very abundant in the vicinity of that city. NYMPHALIDiE. — VANESSA, 45 Sp. 5. Antiopa. Alts utrinque nigris, limbo posteriori maculisque duabus posticis ad cosiam alhidis scujlavidis. (Exp. alar. 2 unc. 10 lin. — 3 unc. 2 lin.) Pa. Antiopa. Linn. u. 716. — Lewin,j>l.\. — Va. Antiopa. tifeph Catal. Wings above reddish-black, or purplish, with a broad, velvety-black, posterior band, in which is a series of violet-blue spots (seven or eight on each wing) ; followed by a broad pale border, usually whitish or pale straw-colour • this border is wavetl internally, and minutely speckled with black dots, parti- cularly on the prominent angles of the wing : the anterior wings above have the costal areolet marked with white, with two large white spots near the tip: beneath all the wings are obscure black, with darker waves, with a whitish discoidal spot in the centre of each, and a broad white border on the outer margin : the body and antenna; are brown-black, with the tip of the club rust-coloured : the legs are ochraceous. Var. &, With the border of the wings deep yellowish. Caterpillar black, with a row of square dorsal spots, and the eight anterior prolegs red. It feeds on willows, birch, and poplar. The chrysalis is dusky, speckled with bluish, and spotted with tawny. The butterfly appears in about fifteen days. No insect is more remarkable for the irregularity of its appear- ance * than this. Till about the middle of the last century few speci- mens had been observed ; but about sixty years since it appeared in such prodigious numbers throughout the kingdom, that tJie ento- mologists of that day gave it the appellation of the Grand Surprise. Of late it has again become unfrequent ; the last times, accordino- to Donovan, that it occurred in plenty being 1789 and 1803, a few only having been captured subsequently. At the present day it still appears to occur occasionally throughout England, as Mr. Back- house informs me that it has been found repeatedly near Seaton, Durham — and often floating on the river Tees — and it has been taken also in the counties of Suffolk, Worcestershire, Surry, Nor- folk, Essex, Berkshire, Oxford, Kent, and Cambridge, and I once saw one on a willow near Hertford. I have adhered to the name proposed by Linne, as his ortho- graphy is not only sanctioned by high classical authorities, but it is detrimental to the progress of science to alter a name without powerful reasons. C. Anterior wings angulated, posterior rounded and indented : palpi densely * In reference to this subject may be noticed the appearance, during the past season, of Thecla Pruni in countless vv/riads near Ripley, in Surry, where in the course of a few minutes I caught nearly two hundred specimens ! An- other fact worthy of recording is, the recent capture of a specimen of the rare t'atocala Fraxini in the neighbourhood of London. 46 HAUSTELLATA.— LEPIDOPTERA. covered with scales, with a few hairs. Caterpillars soHtary, with a smooth head ; feed chiefly upon seeds. Sp. 6- Atalanta. Alts supra nigris lunulis dlbis marginatis, anticis fascia ruhrd transversi subinterrifpt/i utrinque, posticis marginali nigro-macnlatd. (Exp. alar. 2 unc. 6 lin. — 3 unc.) Pa. Atalanta. Linne. — Lewin, pi. 7. — Va. Atalanta. Steph. Catal. Wings above intense deep silken-black : the anterior with a central bent, some- what interrupted, orange-red band, sometimes bearing a round white spot towards the anal angle of the wing : between this band and the tip is a group of six white spots and dots, the largest of which is on the costa : between these and the margin is a slight bluish wave : the posterior wings have a broad orange-red border, with a transverse series of distinct black triangular dots, and some black spots on the ciUa ; the tip of the inner areolet is varied with bluish, and the black dot in the following areolet is also, in fine speci- mens, externally edged with blue : beneath, the anterior wings have the central band interrupted, whitish towards the anal angle of the wing, and towards the base throwing off a slender waved branch, between which and the base is a blue streak : between the band and the apex of the wing are other blue streaks ; beyond these, the three larger spots of the upper surface are depicted ; in the place of two others are two imperfect oceUi, with a white pupil and black and gray iris, and in lieu of the sixth is an irregular ochra- ceous lunule ; the costal areolet is black, marbled with blue : the posterior wings are most beautifully varied and mottled with black, brown, and pale fulvous, or tawny, with a pale triangular spot in the middle at the anterior margin, a band of obsolete obscure oceUi parallel with the hinder margin, and a streak of silken blue between this and the margin : aU the wings, both above and below, are fringed with white, interrupted at the nervures with black : the body is black above, grayish beneath ; the antennae are black, annulated with white, vsdth the tip yellowish: the palpi are black above, white at the sides, and yellowish beneath. The caterpillar is greenish, or dusky, with a yellowish spotted hue on each side : it feeds on the Urtica urens and U. dioica, preferring the seeds. The chry- salis is grayish, or dusky, with gold dots. This common species is one of the most splendid of the British butterflies; the intense black of the upper surface of the wings being beautifully relieved by the red fascia and pure white spots, and beneath, the marmoration of the posterior wings defies the efforts of the finest pencil. It frequents lanes where nettles abound, throughout the southern part of Britain, appearing about the mid- dle of August. It is said to be very destructive to cherries and other fruits. Mr. Haworth informs me that he once met with them so abundant, that above a dozen might be taken within the compass of two or three square yards. NYMPHALIDiE. CYNTHIA. i? Genus XII. — Cynthia, Fahrkms. Palpi long, contiguous, porrected, terminated gradually in an acute point, pointing downwards, and resembling a beak, tbickly clothed with scales and short hair, three-jointed; the basal joint short, curved upwards; second long, compressed, attenuated at the apex ; third longer than the basal, acicular : uniennee with an abrupt, compressed, very short club: wings scalloped; an- terior triangular, subfalcate ; posterior somewhat ovate, clothed with long hairs on their upper surface within : anterior legs imperfect, very hairy, re- sembhng a tippet : tarsi with small nails, apparently bifid, or with an ungui- form appendage: eyes very pubescent. Caterpillar spiny. Chrysalis an- gular, with the head bituberculated, with metallic spots. This genus chiefly differs from Vanessa in the form of the wings, connected with the slightly dissimilar proportion and structure of the joints of the palpi, and of the antennte, which latter have a different club, and appear to possess a few more articulations : the larva is less spinose, and the pupa less angular. The species figured by Petiver I have introduced in this genus, as its form is more analogous thereto, than to that of the Hipparchise, with which it has been recently arranged. Sp. 1. Cardui. Alis Juho-roseis alho nigroque variegatis, posticis infra mar- moratis ocellis quatuor. (Exp. alar. 2 unc. 4.-8 lin.) Pa. Cardui. Liniie. — Lewin, pi. 6.— Cy. Cardui. Steph. Catal. Anterior wings above tawny-brown at the base and their inner margin ; the middle fulvous, tinged with orange and red, with an irregular, angulated, transverse band, composed of three unequal black spots: tlie tip black, with five dissimilar white spots, of which the basal one is largest, and is placed transversely ; the other four are ranged parallel with the hinder margin, in a bow, the two central being smallest and nearly round : between them and the edge is an obsolete series of white lunules: the margin is black, with brown and white dashes : the posterior wings above are tawny-brown at the base, sometimes with a paler spot, the posterior margin tawny-orange, with a triple parallel series of black spots, of which the central is composed of ob- long ones; the interior of round (usually five in number), and the marginal of irregular spots : the cilia are white interrupted by black : the second areolet has at the tip a slight bluish spot : beneath, the anterior wings some- what resemble the upper surface, but in recent specimens they are adorned with a rich carmine tint, and the base is whitish, and a white bar adjoins the black interrupted band on the anterior margin : the costal areolet is trans- versely streaked with black and white, and the tip is light greenish-brown, with five white spots corresponding with those on the upper surface, the two smallest of which are somewhat ocellatcd, having a black margin, which is broadest interiorly : the posterior wings arc prettily clouded and marbled 48 HAUSTELLATA. LEPIDOPTERA. with pale olive-brown^ yellowish, and white, intersected with white veins, with four or five ocelli, corresponding with the round spots on the upper surface; the external one being usually spurious and oblong; the second and fifth the largest, with a purple pupil, and yellow iris edged with black ; the two central ones with a blue pupil, edged with yellow and white : beyond these is . a grayish streak, bearing a series of bluish lunules ; the margin is brownish-yellow ; the ciUa of all the wings are white, interrupted by black : body reddish-brown above, whitish beneath ; the abdomen with black rings : the antennjE are black, annulated with white, with an ochraceous tip to the club. Var. P. With the anal areolet of the anterior wings above deep fuscous, and an additional white spot in the chaplet. Var. y. With the anterior wings similar above ; the posterior with two distinct round spots only (pupillated with blue) in the inner series, the other three being confluent, and forming a transverse abbreviated fascia. Var. S. With the anal areolet of the anterior wings above bright fulvous, the transverse black band more regularly defined : the posterior wings fulvous, varied, and shghtly, but irregularly, spotted with black. The caterpillar is brownish or gray, with yellow interrupted lateral lines : it feeds solitarily beneath a silken tissue on various kinds of thistles, and also on the nettle, mUlfoil, mallow, and artichoke. The chrysahs is grayish, with golden dots, and whitish brown longitudinal streaks. Cy. Cardui is eminently conspicuous for the irregularity of its appearance in particular districts of the country: in the metro- politan district it occurs about every third or fourth year most co- piously, breeding even in the metropolis itself; during the season of 1826 it was very abundant, and a few appeared last spring; and so late as the middle of June I saw several at Ripley in a very damaged condition. Dr. Leach informed me that he used con- stantly to see this insect in Devonshire ; and Mr. Dale that he took it in the Isle of Bute, and on Arthur's Seat near Edinburgh. It usually appears about the beginning of August, and remains throughout the winter in the various states of egg, pupa, and imago. t Sp. 2. Hampstediensis. Plate V. f. 3, 4. Alls supra fuscis, str'gd marginali Jlavd, anticis maculis quinque Jlavis, omnibus ocdlis duobus nigris pujnlld albd. (Exp. alar. (ex. fig. Petiv.) 2 unc.) PapiUo ocxilatus Hampstediensis ex aureo fuscus. Pet. Pap. ii. pL 5./. 2. b. — Cy. Hampstediensis. Steph. Catal. Size and form of Hipparchia ^geria : anterior wings above brown, with three spots near the costa, two spots behind, and marginal streak yellow : two large posterior ocelli, the one near the anal angle of the wing appearing on both sides, all with the pupils white with broad black irides : the posterior wings NYMPHAT.lD.i:. — APATUItA. H) also brown, darkest at the base, with a marginal yellow streak, and two large posterior ocelli with white pupils and black irides : beneath, the anterior wings are yellowish, clouded with dark brown, with an obsolete streak on the hinder margin composed of brown lunules: posterior wings yellowish, somewhat clouded with brown at the base, with a small nearly obliterated black ocellus, with a white pupil ; at the anal angle four minute dark brown spots, between which and the hinder margin is a streak composed of dark brown crescents turned forwards. There is something wonderful in the total disappearance of so large an insect as the above, which has been seen but once, and that iip\A'ards of a century ago : entomologists are indebted to the persevering industry of Petiver for a coloured figure, of whicii I have introduced a copy, in his rough, though evidently correct, style, in order to excite the attention of those of the present day to the fact of its existence or not at this period. Petiver thus notices it: — " Albin's Hampstead Eye, where it was caught by this curious person, and is the only one I have yet seen." Genus XIII. — Apatura, Fahricius. Palpi longer than the head, contiguous, compressed, the points closely approxi- mating and acute, forming a conical beak, chiefly clothed with hair, three- jointed, the basal joint short, rather stout, bent, the second slender, very long, slightly angidated interiorly, and a little bent at the base, terminal about as long as the basal, subcylindrical, obtuse: antenna: rather long, with an elongate, obconic, thickened club, terminating in a lateral point : ci/es naked : wings nearly as in Cynthia, with the basal areolet of the posterior open behind: anterior legs very short in both sexes, the rest furnished with bifid claws. Caterpillar fusiform, spiny, with two horns on the head. Chrysalis rather angular, compressed, gibbous, head-case beaked. X Sp. 3. Levana. Alis swprd fulvis, nigrojlavoque maculatis, tiibtiis reticulatis, anticis supra maculis aliquot albis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 6 lin.) Pa, Levana. Linnc. — THWo/j.—Cy.'' Levana. Steph. Catal. Wings above tawny, spotted with black and yellow ; the anterior with two or three white spots : beneath all the wings are prettily reticulated with whitish yellow, and variegated with fulvous, l)rown, and yellowish, with a violaceous patch towards the centre of the hinder margin, in which are a few white spots. Caterpillar deep black, with red legs: head bitubcrculated ; neck with two long spines: it lives in small societies of ten or twelve on nettles. Chrysalis dusky, with the breast pale yellow. This insect is indicated as British by Turton, and in Rccs' Cyclopedia (article Tapilio) it is considered as a native of Britain : but no Indigenous specimen exists. Halstellata. Vol. I. 1st Di-.cember, 1827. h 50 II AUSTELL ATA. LEPIDOPl'EKA. In form this geiiiis much resembles the last described ; the an- terior wings being exactlj^ siniilar in shape, and the posterior dif- fering- but a trifle : the chief distinctions are to be found in the structure of the club of the antennae and palpi, the former being much thickened and elongated, and the. latter more slender, as well as slightly dissimilar in form ; and in their natural state the tips are more closely applied to each other : the larva and pupa are, how- ever, widely different, as are also the habits of the perfect insect. Sp. 1. Iris. AHsnifffis cwrideo-micantibus, aid fuse is, fascia commmd idrinqiie albd intei midu, posticis supru uiiioceUatis. (Exp. alar. 2 unc. 6 lin.— 3 unc. 3 lin.) Pa. Iris. Liniie. — Lewiii,pl. 16. — Ap. Iris. Sleph. Cat'd. Male with the wings above black, changing according to the light to a splendid mazarine blue : the anterior with ten white spots, disposed in a triple series, the first towards the inner margin, composed of three spots, the central one being lunate ; the second series reaches from beyond the middle of the costa to the anal angle, and is composed of five spots, of which the three towards the costa are united and form a crescent, pointing inwards ; the other series is composed of two small spots, of which the posterior is minute : the posterior wmgs have a white angular band, placed in continuity with the first series of spots on the anterior wings ; and an ocellus at the anal angle with a narrow tawny iris, and black pupil ; parallel with the hinder margin is a pale tawny streak : beneath, the anterior wings are variegated with brown, tawny, black and white, the latter colour corresponding with that of the upper surface, and the posterior margin is cinereous ; between the disc and the hinder mar- gin is an ocellus with a black iris and a bluish pupil : the posterior wings have an oblique broad white band, attenuated towards the inner margin, and with a conical tooth in the centre of its external edge ; this band is bordered on each side with reddish brown, shaded into cinereous at the base and hinder margin : near the anal angle is a small ocellus, corresponding in colour with the one on the upper surface : the body is black above, cinereous be- neath ; the legs are of the latter colour, and the antennce black. The female differs in being considerably larger, and in having the upper surface of the wings brown where the male is black, and is destitute of the brilliant blue reflection of the male : there are two additional minute white spots at the tip of the anterior wings. 1 he caterpillar is of a beautiful green, with reddish bristles at the tail, and greenish-yellow horns : it feeds on the sallow : the chrysalis is of a delicate pale green. This splendid insect justly claims the chief attention of the col- lectors of indigenous Lepidoptera, " the varying lustres of its pur- ple plumes" giving it a proud pre-eminence above its fellows. Like several other butterflies, it has become unfrequent near the NYMPHAI.ID.'E. — LIMr.NfTIS. .",1 metropolis within these few years. About ten years aj^ol saw it in plenty at Coombe-wood, in July, and a number of specimens were then taken ; since that period I have not seen the insect at lar(;e near London ; it has, however, been taken occasionally at Darcnlh- wood. It was formerly not uncommon in Epping-forest, though it is evidently very local. I am informed by Mr. Dale that it occurs in Clapham-park-wood, Beds., Brinsop-copse, Ilerefords., Enborne- copse, Berks, near Warminster, Wilts, and Christchurch, Hants: — it is also found in several parts of Essex and Suffolk. An in- teresting notice of the habits is given in Lejjidoptera Briraiinica, to which I must refer the reader on account of its length. Genus XIV.— Limenitis, Fahrkms. Palpi longer than the head, not coni;i;:uous, parallel, clothed with scales, and slightly hairy, three-jointed, basal joint small, oval, second long, cylindric, slightly bentj terminal longer than ti;e basal, elongvate, ovate : antenna; long, with a gradually produced slender, elongated, obconic club : wing)i somewhat triangular, the posterior slightly scolloped, with the hasal arcolet open be- hind: eyes pubescent: anterior legs short in both sexes, slender, with a minute claw; posterior long, furnished with claws and unguiform appen- dages. Caterpillar elongate, with obtuse spines on the back, and bundles of hair on the sides. Chrysalis subangular, gibbous beneath, head-case beaked. Limenitis somewhat resembles Apatura in appearance, but may be discriminated by the rotundity of the hinder margin of the anterior wings and pubescence of the eyes and palpi, the latter being distant without approximating points; the club of the antennje is more slender than in Apatura, ai;d not arcuate and sub-com- pressed, as in Hipparchia. J Sp. 1. Populi. Alis fuscis alho fncia'is 7nuciilatis!. 18.— Hi. Janira. S/cph. Catul. I^'^ings fuscous, or nearly black : the male with the anterior usually immaculate above, having near the tip on each surface a black ocellus surrounded by fulvous, with a white pupil, sometimes with a yellowish patch beneath the ocellus above ; beneath fulvous, with the hinder margin grayish-brown : posterior wings beneath tawny-brown at the base, terminating in an obsolete angular line; beyond this ashy-brown, with from one to three minute dusky spots. Female generally with a large irregular tawny-orange blotch on the anterior wings above, in which is an ocellus, as in the male ; between the blotch and the base the disc is obscurely tawny; beneath tawny-orange, with a paler band towards the hinder margin, the latter brownish ; the posterior wings above have mostly a tawny patch on the disc, beneath tawny-brown at the base, terminating in a very distinct angular line, beyond which is a pale cinereous band, in which are one or more black eye-like spots ; the hinder margin griseous, or brownish. In some specimens of the male there is a deep black patch on the disc of the anterior wings, and the same wings in the female are occasionally nearly im- maculate above ; the ocellus is frequently blind, sometimes bipupillated, and often accompanied by a secondary ocellus above, and a black spot or two be- neath : ihe band on the inferior surface of the posterior wings is frequently immaculate. In some specimens one or more large, irregular, and undefined pure white blotches occur, on various parts of the wings. Var. /?. Wings very pale ochraceous tinged with coppery, with a dusky patch at the base ; the markings as usual. Caterpillar green, with a white lateral line, thickly clothed with hair : it feeds on meadow grass : the chrysalis is yellowish-green, with dusky streaks on the head and wing-cases. 60 HAUSTEtLATA. — LEPIDOPTERA. This is probably the most common species of papilionaceous in- sect found in Britain. It abounds in every meadow and lane near the metropolis, during the month of July ; and is abundant in the north of Britain. 2. Anterior wings somewhat rounded ; posterior obsoletely denticulated. Sp. 10. Hyperanthus. Alis fuscis, anticis suhtt)s ocellis uno — tribus, posticis subtiis scEpissime quinque, aut rarissimi omniiio obliteratis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 6—11 lin.) Pa. Hyperanthus. Linni. — Lewin, pi. 20.— Hi. Hyperanthus. Steph. Catal. Anterior wings above plain brown, frequently with one or more black faintly ocellated spots, especially in the females : beneath generally with three ocelli towards the hinder margin, the inner one usually smallest: the posterior wings above also brown, with two or more obsolete ocelli, near the hinder margin : beneath with two approximating ocelli behind the middle of the anterior margin, and three parallel with the hinder margin, of which the one towards the anal angle is smallest: all the wings are paler beneath, and edged with a whitish fringe : the body is fuscous, paler beneath : the antennae brown, annulated with whitish, with the tip of the club fulvous. Var. /?. Anterior wings beneath with three very large ocelli, posterior with five ; several on all the wings sesquialterous, or having smaller ocelli attached. Var, V. Wings ocellated as in var. », but the ocelli large and conjoined. Var ?. Wings ocellated as in the last, but the ocelli very minute. Var. f . Ocelli in number as before ; the smaller or hinder ocellus on the anterior wings bipupillate, the inner one on the posterior wings nearly obsolete. Var. i. Ocelli entirely obliterated ; in lieu thereof tliree snow-white spots on the anterior wings beneath, and five on the posterior. Var. 1. Anterior wings with three ocelli beneath ; posterior with four, the one at the anal angle being obliterated. Var. 9. Anterior wings beneath with three ocelli; posterior with four white spots. Var. (. Anterior wings with three ocelli beneath ; posterior as in var. a. Var. A. Anterior wings as in the last; posterior with four ocelli, the inner one being obliterated. Var. X. Ocelli in number as in the last ; the anterior costal one on the posterior wings wanting. Var. fx. Anterior wings with two ocelli beneath ; posterior with three ; the costal and anal ones wanting. Var. V. OceUi obUterated : anterior wings beneath with two white dots ; posterior with four. Var. f. Anterior wings with a single ocellus beneath ; posterior with five. Var. 0. Anterior wings as in var. f ; posterior wd\h four oceUi, the anal one obliterated. Var. *. Anterior wings as in the two last varieties ; posterior with three ocelli as in var. /ji. Var. f. Ocelli obliterated ; anterior with a single minute white dot beneath ; posterior with four. U.„J,m. /',,/.. ln-ZJ-:^ra>/,e,u. Oa. r. mzj. NYMPHALID.E. — HIPPARCHIA. 61 Var. f. Ocelli obliterated; anterior wings immaculate; posterior with three minute white spots. Exclusively of the above, there are numerous intermediate varieties in the mag- nitude of the respective ocelli; and the wings are frequently differently ocellated on the left and right sides. There are, no doubt, several other varieties extant, but the above are all that I possess, and have had an oppor- tunity of examining. Caterpillar whitish-grey or dusky, with a black line behind ; it subsists chiefly on the annual meadow grass, at the roots of which it resides : the chrysalis is bright brown, with obscure streaks and shades. An abundant species in damp grassy woods and lanes throughout Britain ; some of the varieties are, however, rare. C. Eyes naked: anterior wings entire, rounded: posterior dentated: palpi hairy: terminal joint short, obtuse. Frequent mountainous dictricts, or swampy heaths. Sp. 11. Ligea.— Plate 6. f. 1. S f.2, 3. ? .—Alis ftiscis, fascid rufd, anticis utrinque ocellis quatuor, posticis tribus, his suhtus fascid abbreviatd albd- (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 10 lin.— 2 unc.) Pa. Ligea. Linne.—Sowerby, i. pi. 2.— Hi. Ligea. Stepli. Catal. Wings above brown, with a rufous fascia towards the hinder margin, in which on the anterior are four black ocelli with white pupils, the latter obsolete in the male, and the two apical ocelli united ; the band on the posterior wings above bears also three black ocelli, differing as above in the sexes : beneath, all the wings are paler, and the anterior resemble their upper surface, but the red fascia is more distinct ; the posterior are adorned with an abbreviated, irregular, sinuated white fascia, placed nearly parallel with the hinder margin, and reaching almost to the anal angle of the wing; between this and the hinder margin are three black ocelli, with white pupils, and cinctured with red : the ciUa of all the wings, above and below, are white interrupted with brown : the body is deep brown above, paler beneath : the antennae dusky above, white beneath. Caterpillar green, with a black dorsal stripe, and several whitish longitudinal ones : the head reddish yellow. Few cabinets contain this insect, which is more to be esteemed from its apparent rarity than for its beauty. The only indigenous specimens which have come to my knowledge were captured in the Isle of Arran, I believe by Sir Patrick Walker and A. Mac . Leay, Esq. ; but I am not aware of the true locality, or of the period of the year, which is probably about July or August. It is readily distinguished from the following (fine females of which have sometimes been mistaken for it) by the white fascia on the inferior surface of the posterior wings, and by the fringe, or cilia, being 62 H AUSTELLATA. LEI'I DOrXERA. white interrupted by brown. There are several other manifest characters which may easily be recognised by comparing the de- scription of Hi. Blandina with the accompanying plate, which has been executed from a fine pair of the insect in my collection. Linnseus has erroneously referred to Albins' plate 5. f. 1. for a figure of this insect, an error which Fabricius, in his attempts to amend, has materially increased by striking it out from the Linnean species, and inserting it as a synonym to his Pa. Medusa ; whereas the figure in question correctly represents Thecla Betulse. Sp. 12. Blandina. AHs fuscis, fascid posticd rufd, punctis ocellarilus nigris, posticis subtiis fascid cinered. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 10 lin. — 2 unc.) Pa. Blandina. Fabricius. — Don, xii. jd. 426. — Hi. Blandina. Steph. Catal. Wings above brown, with a rufous band towards the hinder margin, in which on the anterior are four black ocelli with white pupils, the two anterior united as in Hi. Ligea : the band on the posterior wings is somewhat obsolete, in- terrupted at each nervure, abbreviated, and bearing usually three black ocelli with white pupils, and a black dot : beneath, the anterior wings are rather paler, but banded and ocellated as above ; the posterior wings have rather more than the basal half deep fuscous, obsoletely terminating in a sinuated line, and followed by a bluish-ash fascia, posteriorly tinted with red, in which are one or more minute oceUi : cilia brownish, interrupted with dusky. The female differs in having the ocelli more distinct both above and below, the under surface of the wings much paler, especially the posterior, which are pale cinereous at the base and hinder margin, with a broad intermediate brown band ; the ciha are also more distinctly interrupted, being whitish, with brown spots. The body and antennae as in Hi. Ligea. Var. &. Both sexes with the third ocellus from the apex of the anterior wings blind ; posterior wings as above. Var. y. Both sexes with the third ocellus obliterated. Var. 8. Female with five ocelli on the band of the anterior wings. Var. e. As in var. /3, but the posterior wings with two ocelli only above. Var. X. As in var. y, but two ocelli only on the posterior wings. Var. r,. Ocelli as in var. y, but very small ; the posterior wings beneath with four very distinct bands ; the first, at the base, pale dusky, the second broad, bent, deep reddish-brown ; the next attenuated at each end, bluish-ash, sprinkled with white, with three minute ocelli, and terminating at the anal angle of the wing ; the hinder one occupying the posterior margin, and bright rufous brown. Discovered many years since, at the beginning of August, in the Isle of Arran, by Dr. Walker, and, subsequently, taken there by Sir Patrick Walker and Dr. Leach, and in profusion by Messrs. Curtis and Dale, the latter of whom supplied me with a fine series of both sexes. It has recently been found not uncommonly near X,imbm,.Ty J.I}. SrefOuns, ! Due. 1 82",. NYMPH ALID.i;. HIl'PARCIUA. 63 Castle Eden Dean, in Durham ; but the English specimens, which were sent to me by Mr. Backhouse, appear to dift'er considerably from the Scotch. I have described them imder var. jj ; the other varieties are all from the original habitat. It is probable that there are several other distinct varieties in ocellation than those men- tioned above ; but the impossibility of my seeing the collection in which they may be contained obliges me to be silent. D. Eyes naked : wings elongate, pilose, entire : palpi very hairy. Frequent mountainous districts. Sp. 13. Cassiope. — Plate 8. f. 1, 3. ^ f. 2. J . — Alis scriceo-fuscis, fascial ruj^ySesps punciis subocellariius niffyis ornatd, posticis svbtus punctis solis>. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 3 — 5 lin.) Pa. Cassiope. Fabriciiis. — Hi. Cassiope. Steph. Catal. Wings of a silken-brown, the anterior with a red fascia behind, in which are usually four obsoletely subocellated black spots, the third the least; the posterior have also a red band, abbreviated at each end, and bearing three subocellated black spots : beneath, the anterior wings are pale metallic brown, with an irregular red band near the hinder margin, attenuated in the middle, and bearing four black spots ; the posterior wings are pale coppery-brown, with three black spots, obsoletely cinctured with fulvous, placed opposite to the oceUi of the upper surface : the cilia are brown above, whitish beneath : the body and antenna are dusky, the latter nearly white on the under side. — Fig. 2. Var. B' The fascia on the anterior wings, above and below, with three ocelli- form spots, the third being obliterated : posterior wings as before.— F/^. 3. Var. y. The fascia on the anterior wings on both surfaces with two ocelliform spots, the third and fourth being obliterated ; posterior wings as before. t Sp. 14. Mnestra. Alis nigrofuscis, anticis supra fascid laid rufd, punctis ant ocellis duobus nigris, posticis fascia angustd abbreviatd rufd, in feminis tri- ocL'Uatis. Pa. Mnestra. Hubner. — Hi. Mnestra. Steph. Catal. Wings black-brown, anterior above with a broad red band, with two black dots ; beneath, with the disc red immaculate : posterior wings above with an ab- breviated red band, beneath without spots, with an obliterated band before the posterior margin. Female with two ocelli in the band of the anterior wings on both sides ; and three minute ones on that of the posterior. Allied to var ■/. of the preceding insect, and admitted into our Fauna by mistake upon the examination of the Museum specimen of Hi. Cassiope, which was so dissimilar to the other specimens of that insect formerly contained in collections, and appeared to agree with Pa. Mnestra of Hubner, that it was considered as distinct, and referred to the last named insect. 64) HAUSTKLLATA. — LEPIDOPTERA. Var. 8. The fascia on the anterior wings with the apical ocellar spot only ; posterior wings as before. Var. e. The fascia on the anterior wings unspotted ; the posterior wings with three circular red spots, the one at the anal angle with a black dot. — Fig-. 1. Var. ^. Anterior wings with four round red spots, with a black dot in each ; the posterior with three, in lieu of the fascia- Var, »). Anterior wings with four minute red spots ; posterior with two. Var. 6. Anterior wings with three very obsolete minute red spots, slightly pupiUated; posterior with two. Var. u With the fascia on the anterior wings, spreading towards the base, and forming an irregular patch occupying the greater portion of the disc of the wing ; posterior wings as in var. '(. Var. Tj is the Papilio Mnemon of the Entomological Transactions, p. 332, in wliich it was described by Mr. Haworth, about fifteen years since, from specimens in the collection of the late Mr. Fran- cillon, to whom they were presented by T. Stothard, Esq. R. A., their captor, and reputed discoverer of the insect in Britain ; but, however, a single specimen was previously obtained by Dr. Leach from the cabinet of the late Dr. Lettsom, which was said by the latter to have been taken in Cumberland. From the circumstance of so many years having " rolled on" without other specimens of the insect occurring, its native origin began to be questioned ; but the past season has undeniably set the question at rest, through the instrumentality and industry of Mr. Dale, who was furnished with its locality from Mr, Stothard, and, accompanied by Mr. Curtis, procured many specimens of the male from the grassy sides of the mountains in the vicinity of Ambleside. The discovery of the female is, however, due to an indefatigable collector — and one who disposes of the insects lie collects — Mr. Weaver, of Birmingham*, who found several of each sex, and the chief of the varieties de- scribed above from the same and different localities in the counties of Westmoreland and Cumberland, during the month of July. E. Eyes naked : wings entire : palpi slender, moderately hairy, the terminal joint very long, acute : frequent boggy heaths and marshy places in mountain districts. Sp, 15, Iphis. Platk VII. f. \,2.—AIis supra giiseo-fulvis saepe immaculatisy anticis subtiis ocello uno alterore, posticis 2—5 obsoletis, ratissimi obliteratis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 6—8 lin.) Hi. Iphis. Ochsenheimer.Strpk. Catal. * No. 28, Weaman-street. 7V_- NYMPHALID^. HIPPARCHIA. 0)5 Above, usuaUy deep immaculate rusty-tawny, the anterior wings slightly tinged with brownish on the hinder margin, and clouded at the base with dusky; the posterior wings are of a deeper hue, especially towards the base, which is clouded with dusky ; aU the wings have a whitish edge : beneath, the anterior wings are dusky at the base, the disc is dull ferruginous-tawny, with an ab- bre^ated irregular white stripe towards, and parallel with, the hinder margin, which is usually bordered on the inner edge with dusky, or black ; between this stripe and the margin are generally two black ocelli, with white pupils, surrounded by a whitish circle; the tip of the wings and a narrow slip along the hinder margin is greenish ash-colour : the posterior wings have more than the basal half deep greenish-brown, followed by an interrupted, irregular, sinuated white band, on the anterior margin of which is a single ocellus, coloured as before; this band is foUowed posteriorly in the female with a fulvous cloud, but in the male with a patch uniform with the base of the wing, in which are usually five whitish circles, in the third and fourth of which is a black oceUus with a white pupil, in the second a black dot, and in the fifth or anal one a rather obsolete ocellus, which is frequently double: the edge of the wing is ash-coloured : the cilia of all the wings above are whitish-brown, beneath whitish-ash: the body above dusky, tinged with greenish-ash; beneath, of the latter colour: the antenna; are dusky, annu- lated with white, the tip of the club tawny. Var. IS. With the white band on the under surface of the posterior wings scarcely interrupted : the ocellation various. Var. V. Anterior wings beneath with four ocelli, the posterior with five. Var. S. Anterior wings beneath with three oceUi, the posterior with foiu-. Var. f. Anterior wings as above, the posterior with three ocelli. Var. f. Anterior wings with two oceUi, the posterior as in var. y. Var. r,. Anterior wings as in the last, posterior as in var. 8. Var. 9. Anterior wings with two oceUi, posterior with one oceUus. Var. .. Anterior wings with one ocellus, posterior with one or more ocelli. Var. X. All the wings inoceUated. The varieties of this species are almost interminable; the above are aU I con- sider worthy of a distinct notice : specimens sometimes occur with a greater number of ocelli in both wings: I have some with five on the anterior wings and seven on the posterior : the obliteration of the ocelli also varies much ; in some individuals they are replaced by pale fulvescent or whitish spots, and in others they are totally obsolete. Again, many specimens have the upper surface bearing very distinct ocelli, which vary in number. The females have, in addition to the tawny cloud in the under surface of the posterior wings, the wings usually much paler than in the male, with a paler blotch on the upper surface of the anterior behind the middle of the disc anteriorly, and a similar patch on the posterior above; the oceUi are also generaUy more distinct than in the male. The caterpiUar is dark green, with a bluish head, and a slender dark dorsal stripe : the chrysalis is dark green. The first notice of this insect as indigenous is given in Lepi- Haustellata. Vol. I. 1st February, 1828. k 66 HAUStELLATA. — LEriDOPTERA. doptera Britannica, from two specimens captured by P. W. Wat- son, Esq. near Beverley, Yorkshire. Many years, however, passed away without other specimens occurring-, and the London cabinets were destitnte of this species until the learned author of the above work discovered it in profusion in a marshy situation near Cotting- ham, in the above county, and supplied his friends therewith. It jias of late years been found in Scotland and Wales, and appears to be not uncommon in some parts of Cumberland; and I am assured by Mr. Wailes that it occurs in plenty on damp heaths, in Northumberland, in the beginning of July, varying from my figure Ij to figure 3 : in fact, it appears to be not an uncommon northern species. Sp. 16. Polydama, — Plate 7, f. 3.—Ah's fulvis, anficis subtiis ocellis duohus vel fpiatuor, posiicis 6 alba ciiicfix, qumvm 3 dimidiatis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 6 — 8 lin.) Pa. Polydama. Hawnrfh. — Hi. Polydama. Steph. Catal. Anterior wings griseous-tawny^ with two blind ocelli towards the tip ; posterior brown, with a broad whitish stripe on the inner edge, and a minute blind ocellus towards the anal angle : beneath, the anterior wings are tawny-brown, with the base brown, ash-coloured at the tips, with an abbreviated transverse Avhitish band posteriorly, between which and the hinder margin are two remote ocelli, with an obsolete white pupil and black iris, and cinctured with white : the posterior wings at the base are dusky, externally dentate, and terminated by an irregular whitish fascia, behind which they are cinereous, with six ocelli, of which three are very small and nearly obUteraten, vi. /J. 186. Anterior wings above brownish-tawny, with one or more obsolete ocelli towards the hinder margin : the i)Ostcrior wings are similar, with whitish cilia, with from one to four blind ocelli widi a tawny iris. IJv'iieath, the anterior wind's are somewhat paler dian above, with a posterior abl)rcviatcd whitish band ; between which and the hinder margin arc usually two ocelli, having a black iris and white pupil, and one or more spots or obsolete ocelli, whicli are cinctured with tawny: the hinder margin is whitish, with whitish cilia: tlic posterior wings at the base are greenish-brown, terminating somewhat in a wave, and followed by an interrupted irregular whitish angular band ; beyond which the posterior margin of the wings is brownish, and adorned usuaUy with six ocelli, having a whitish iris, a large black pupil, and a central silvery dot; the margin itself is whitish, and the cilia brownish: the bo:enous species of true Vanessa, and it will be found as exactly correspondent in all as in any kindred species throughout the creation, though their hal)it8 cannot 'te said to be similar ; two of them, for example, Va. lo and Urticw, ovi- positing upon nettles, upon which their larvffi feed gregariously ; whereas the other two, Va. Polychloros and Antiopa, oviposit respectively upon elms and willows, which aflTord ]>abulum to their progeny. V. Urticte has two or more broods in the year, the other species one IirooJ. only, which arrives at perfection towards the end of summer ; (lie last-named insect and lo appear with regularity, while the other two (Antiopa especially) occur with irregularity; the only points in which all agree being in their powerful flight, and the faculty they possess of hyl ternating. The reverend author of the Introduction to Entomology says, " the knowledge of species is indeed indispensable for the registry of facts and other practical purposes*;" and we learn from the highest authority that when the Almighty Creator rested from His labours, He pronounced every thing which He had created to be very good. Are we, therefore, to assume that only a certain portion of His works is xcorthy of the attention of mankind.'' Are not the various species of Monas individually of as much import- ance in the economy of nature, as the mighty Leviathan of the deep ? And is the presumed limit of the animal creation, the purely microscopic Monas Tcrmo (of which some recent speculative phy- siologists attempt to «lemonstrate the divine structure of man, as well as that of all other animated beings, is composed), to be d.e- spised on account of its apparent insignificance ? I conceive that no unprejudiced person can deny the first, nor affirm the h;st, as- sumption ; and consequently it follows, that all created !)eings are objects of our attention. But where is the mind that is cai^acious enough to comprehend the attriluitcs of all the various species of the animal creation ? — amounting probably to the prodigious mnnber formity to their generic structure, accompanied with detailed figures and tlescrip- tions of the latter, whose accuracy will enable the veriest tyro to ascertain the generic identity of the honey-bee ; but has it contributed to increase tlie cot- tager's store of honey ? * Kirby and Spcnce. Introduction to Entomology, v. iv. p. o\i. 72 HAUSTELLATA. LEPIDOPTERA. of half a million ! — 400,000 of which are the peculiar objects of the entomologist's research, according to the calculations in the volume already referred to *. — It is therefore obviously necessary for the student to limit his . — Th. Rubi. Steph. Catal. Above dusky-brown, with the nervures blackish : beneath green, the anterior wings usually immaculate ; with the thinner margin pale dusky-brown : the posterior wings not tailed, but denticulated on the hinder margin with an interrupted series of white dots, which is sometimes nearly obliterated : the ciha, both above and below, are brown, dotted with black on the posterior wings ; the body is deep brown above and pale beneath. The male is discriminated, as in Th. Pruni and Spini, by an opaque spot on the disc of the anterior wings near the costa. Var. B. The anterior wings with a row of white dots beneath on the costa ; the posterior with a strong continuous series, fonning a streak. Caterpillar green, variegated with yellow, with the head black: it feeds on the bramble, dyer's-weed, saint-foin, and broom. Chrysahs brown. A pretty and not very abundant species, frequenting hedges and brambles, upon the buds of which last shrub the larvee also feed, thus slightly receding from the habits of the genus, from which it is also somewhat removed by the form of its antennae and of the posterior wings, and by the circumstance of its being double-brooded ; the first brood appearing at the end of May or beginning of June, and the second at the beginning of August. It is found at Coombe and Darenth woods, near London ; Bromley-thicket, Essex ; in Dor- setshire, Devonshire, and near Andover, Hants, LYCiENID.T:. — LYC.T.N A. 79 Genus XVII.— Lyc.i:na, Fahrkius. Pa/jii longer than the head, somewhat divergent at the tips, three-jointed, the two first clothed with scales and hair, the terminal with scales only, and attenuated ; the basal joint bent, the second very long, slightly curved at the base: anfcn/iw with an abrupt obtuse club: cj/cs naked: /,'frs alike in ])oth sexes: anterior scarcely shorter than the rest: all furnished with small simple claws projecting beyond the fooUcushions, which are rather large: winn;s nearly entire ; posterior denticulated at the anal angle. The indigenous Lyesense are known by the brilliant coppery tints which adorn the greater portion of the disc of the upper surface of the wings : they are at once discriminated from the Thecl» by tlieir naked eyes, and by the want of the tail-like appendages to their posterior wings ; and from the Polyommati by the form of the club of the antennae, the more evidently denticulated posterior wings, and the superior size of the pulvilli or foot-cushions. They usually frequent marshy places, and their larvae feed upon docks and herbs, but not on trees or shrubs. Ly. Phlseas differs a little from the other species in structure, in the sexes being similar, and in breeding several times in the year. Sp. 1. Phla^as. Alis anticis igneo-cupreis nigro-maciilatis, posticis nigris fusci i murginali cupre(\, suhtus cincrascentilms striga jwsticd fulvti. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. — 1 unc. 5 lin.) Pa. Phlffius. Liniu':. — Lewin. pi. 41. — Ly. Phlicas. Steph. Catal. Anterior wings above brilliant fiery copper-colour, with the posterior margin and eight discoidal spots black ; the two basal ones placed longitudinally, Uie rest transversely, fonning an irregular zigzag band near the hinder margin ; the costa is rather dusky : the posterior wings above brownish-black, with a copper band on the hinder margin, which is more or less denticulated exter- nally, and a black line and some dots on the disc : beneath, the anterior wings somewhat resemble the upper surface, but the colour is paler and not glossy, and there arc ten distinct black spots on the disc, of which throe are placed longitudinally, the rest transversely, as above ; the hinder margin is ilrab- colour, with three or more black crescents internally ; the posterior wings arc drab-coloured, tinged with copper, sprinkled with numerous obsolete blackish dots, and marked on the hinder margin with an ol)scure tawny band : die cilia are black at the base, and rose-coloured at the tip: the body is black, with fulvescent hairs above, drab-coloured beneath ; the antenntc are black annulated with white. — The female rcscm])lcs the male. Var. 0. The anterior wings above of a deep dusky copper, with very large, nearly confluent, spots; the posterior wings with a very narrow waved band. Var. y. The anterior wings above pale rufous-copper, with the spots very small, and several of the iimcr ones obliterated. 80 HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPTERA. Var. 8. The posterior wings above more or less spotted with blue, towards the coppery band. Var. £. The posterior wings above with faint radiating coppery lines, as in the female of Ly. dispar. f Var. ?. With the posterior wings above totally of a dusky colour, without the cupreous marginal fascia. t Var. 1. With the disc of the wings pure white, the wings spotted and bor- dered as usual. Caterpillar green, with a yellow dorsal stripe : it feeds on the sorrel. A very abundant insect throughout Britain, frequenting com- mons, pastures, road-sides, and heathy and marshy places : there are three broods in the year; the first appears in April, the second in June, the third in August. Var. ^. was taken about seventeen years since on Wimbledon-common in April ; and var. rj. has been taken at Birch-wood, and near Ipswich; a specimen is in the Rev. W. Kirby's cabinet, and a second, I believe, in that of Mr. J. Hatchett, R L. S. Sp. 2. Chryseis. Alls supra igneo-cupreis puncto nigra, viayginibus fusco-jnir- purascentibus, subtiis canescentihus punctis ocellaribus numerosis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 5—6 lin.) He. Chryseis. Fabricius. — Pa, Chryseis. Sowerby, B. M. i. /j/. 13. — Ly. Chryseis. Steph. Catal. Wings above bright copper, with the margin and base brown, glossed with brilliant purple : an elongate black dot in the centre of each : the posterior have also nearly half the disc purple : beneath, the anterior wings have the anterior margin cinereous, the disc orange, with about seventeen ocellated dots, with a black pupil and white iris, of which three are placed longi- tudinally towards the base, seven behind the middle, forming a waved band, and seven rather obsolete towards the hinder margin : the posterior wings are cinereous, with the base bluish, and upwards of thirty scattered ocellated dots, of which ten are irregularly diffused over the basal half of the wings, and the rest form three nearly parallel bands on the hinder margin, which has a strong fulvous band, in some specimens a little interrupted : the cilia on both surfaces are brown at the base, white at the tip : the body is black, with grayish hairs : the antennae black, annulated with white. f The female has the wings above brown, glossed with fulvous : the anterior with several obscure spots, the posterior with a fulvous band spotted with black ; beneath similar to the male. The colour of the under surface varies much : I have one specimen with the anterior wings beneath entirely cinereous tinged with fulvous, and having eight ocellated dots only. An insect of great rarity, especially the female, arising, most probably, from its locality being unknown ; notwithstanding it occurs l.YC.V.Nin.i:. — LYC.IINA. 81 within twenty-one niilos of the metropolis, I believe in the vicinity of Epping-, whence Dr. Loiich received fine and recent specimens for several successive seasons, and from whom I obtained those which are contained in my cabinet. The insect has also been fcdien in Ashdown Forest. It appears in August and September. Bp. 3. (lispar. A/is siipr'l in-neo-ciiprcii jwnctn niar^nntujue niffris, posticii suhtirs pallide cwruleis punctis nu}Hf)i)sis. mivguieijue cupreo. Haw. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 6 h"n. — 2 unc. 1 lin.) Pa. dispar. Haworth. — Ly. dispar. Curtis, i. pi. 12.— Sfrph. Catttl. Male with tlie wings above of a sjWendid briglit Hery copper colour, with an obscure row of spots towards the tip, the anterior with a central semilunar spot, and an adjacent small round one, placed longitudinally, the costal and poste- rior margins, and a patch at the base, black; the posterior with a slender oblong discoidal line, and the margins black; the colour of the margin more or less indented with that of the disc: beneath, the anterior wings are pale fulvous orange, with ten distinct ocelli, with a large black pupil and slender white iris ; the three first are placed longitudinally towards the base of the anterior margin (as in Ly. rhla?as), the rest in a slightly arcuated transverse band, which is followed posteriorly by a series of black dots, of dissimilar sizes and shapes, and terminated by an ash-coloured margin and dusky cilia : the posterior wings are bluish, with an elongate discoidal streak, and numerous rather obsolete ocelli, with a black pupil and pale bluish iris ; of these five are irregularly scattered towards the base, and nine are arranged in a waved band towards the margin ; the hinder margin is deep orange, except at its union with the anterior, margined internally with a series of distinct black inocellated spots, and externally with a more or less evident series of dots ; the margin itself is cinereous, the cilia dusky, with a blackish line at the base, as in the anterior Avings. The female is similar to the male beneath ; but above, the anterior wings are divested of the gloss so conspicuous in the male, and have nine or ten black spots, of which two or three arc placed longitudinally, near the base of the costal margin, the rest in an arcuated band towards the tip : the posterior margin is less intense in colour than the male, but the band is considerably broader ; the base of the wings and the inner margin are dusky, sprinkled with coppery : the posterior wings are dusky-brown, with the nervures, atul a denticulated hinder band copper-coloured : there is also a strong discoidal black spot, and frequently several, towards the hinder margin, placed trans- versely ; and sometimes the entiie wing is irrorated with coppery. The ocellated spots vary considerably in size in both sexes. The caterpillar is somewhat hairy, bright green, with innumerable white dots ; it feeds upon a kind of dock. The chrysalis is at first green, then pale ash- coloured, with a dark dorsal Hnc, and two abbreviated white ones on each side; and, lastly, sometimes deep brown. Haustf.llata. Vol.. I. 1st Aprii., 1828. m 82 HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPTERA. This splendid insect appears to be confined to the fenny counties of Cambridge and Huntingdon, with the neighbouring ones of Suffolk and Norfolk, unless the account of its capture in Wales by Hudson be arlmitted ; but this may probably be the following species, which may, moreover, eventually prove synonymous with Ly. dispar. In the two first localities it appears to occur in great profusion, as several hundred specimens have been captured within these last ten years by the London collectors, who have visited Whittlesea and Yaxley Meres during the month of July, for the sole purpose of obtaining specimens of this insect, which is also stated to occur on the coast of Suffolk, at Benacre; but that locality may, however, belong to the next insect. Sp. 4. Hippothoe. Alis svprt} fi/Iris siibt'ls cinerascentihiis, puncfix ocellarihus numerosis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 5—6 lin.) Pa. Hippothoe. Linnc f — Ly. Hippothoe. Steph. Catal. Size of Ly. Virgaureje : wings above entirely immaculate fulvous ; beneath, luteous ash-colour : the anterior beneath with black spots, with a white iris, of which the three largest are placed near the outer (or costal) margin, seven lesser nearly transversely, and six very minute towards the hinder margin : the posterior are ash-coloured beneath, with about seventeen ocellated spots, and a fulvous band on the hinder margin, anteriorly spotted with black. The female differs from that of Ly. dispar, in having the spots on the upper surface of the anterior wings smaller, and in having the entire disc of the posterior wings above dusky, clouded with deeper spots, and without the fulvous nervures; the under surface resembles that of the male, and, Uke it, has fewer and smaller spots than Ly. dispar. The inferior size of the above insect (which corresponds with the magnitude stated by Linnseus) as well as the differences in the number and size of the ocellated spots on the lower surface of the wings, and the colour of the upper surface of the inferior ones of the female, combined with the circumstance, that, amongst several hundreds of Ly. dispar which have been taken at Whittlesea Mere, not one specimen occurred agreeing with the above definition, seem to point out the present insect as a different species. The male which I possess was in the late Mr. Beckwith's col- lection, and the female is in that of Mr. Haworth, who informs me that he obtained it many years since from an old cabinet that was formed by a gentleman residing in Kent, and which contained scarcely any insect that was not the production of that county, thence called " the Kentish Cabinet," Mdiich renders it probable, Zondan, Dub. hy ISJt^thms, >. Drc/ 8t7. LYC.«NI1)A:. rOLYOMMATUS. 83 as Mr. Hawortli surmises, that the true locality ep cinereous; the anterior wings with a central discoidal dot, and a bent series of four or five ocelli between it and the margin ; posterior wings with a central bent streak, fol- lowed posteriorly with an irregular band of black subocellated dots, then a fulvescent streak and a few marginal spots. This insect is given in the Entomological Transactions, by Mr. Ilaworth, as the Pa. Amandus of Hiibner; a name changed by Ochsenhcimer, from its being an adjective, to the one above used, which was imposed by Esper. It approxi- mates so very closely to the following species, that I conceive it will eventually prove a mere variety of that insect ; and how far it may really be synony- mous with the Pa. Icarius of Esper, or the Pa. Amandus of Hiibner, I will not venture any opinion, as I do not possess the insect. "Taken in Kent." — A.H.Haxoorth, Esq., who has two specimens. Sp. 10. Alexis. Alis casrulcis immaculatis, aut fuscin, strigd marginali ntrii, subtus cinerascentibus, punctis numerosis occllaribus fascidipie ad jnargincm maciilari fulvd, ciliis albis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 1 — 5 lin.) Pa. Alexis. Hiibner. — Po. Alexis. Steph. Catal. Male above of a bright lilac blue, with the costa of the anterior wings white, and a slender marginal black line to all the wings ; the fringe usually white, immaculate : beneath very similar to Po. Adonis, but the colour of all tlie wings rather deeper, with the hinder fulvous spot on the anterior more distinct, and of the posterior forming a continuous band : as in Po. Ailonis the anterior wings have two ocelli placed transversely towards the base of the wing, then an ovate central spot with a transverse black streak, followed by a regularly curved transverse series of ocelli, seven in number, between whicii and the hinder margin are, first, a row of dusky lunules pointing outwards, and edged externally with fulvous, and, secondly, a series of dusky spots on a whitish ground ; the extreme margin is black : the posterior wings idso greatly resemble those of Po. Adonis, the base is usually bluish, with four ocelli placed obliquely towards the inner margin ; the disc has a triangular white spot, which has most fre and six transparent spots on the anterior wings : beneath, the posterior wings are dotted with white. Caterpillar gray: head black, with four sulphur- coloured spots on the neck: it feeds on the common mallow Cllalvas^lvestris J, and Ma.rsh•msLllo^v (Althea rosea). — Chrysalis bluish. This species has doubtless been introduced into the indigenous Fauna by Stewart, owing to the unfortunate misappropriation of the Linnean name of Pa. Malva; to Th. Alveolus by his predecessors : of the true Pa. Malvaj I have not seen an indigenous example, and therefore do not believe that it has ever been captured in England. llKSlMMUlDf.. I'AMI'IIII.A. 99 ofJul}'^: rather plentilul on Hertford-heath, and at Darenth, and abundant at Coombe-wood, near Dover. " At Hintelsham, Suf- folk, in Norfolk and Dartmoor, Devon." — J/i.?.? .Jcrmijn. " Plen- tiful near York." — W. C. HezvUson,, Esq. " Near Carlisk-." — T. C. Hey sham, Esq. '• Ashdown-Copse, Wilts."— /?^z;. ('.. T. Rudd. *' Glanvilles Wootton."— J. C. Dale, Esq. " On the Devil's Dirch, sparingly." — Rev. L. Jcni/ns. " Common on heaths, near New- castle, in June." — G. Wailes, Esq. " Dorking." — Mr. Watcrliouse. Genus XX. — Pamphila, Fubriclns. Palpi short, compressed, very densely clothed with scales and short rigid hairs, or expanded and densely covered with scales only, the tciTninal joint slightly projecting beyond the hirsuties: antenna: not very long, with an abrupt fusi- form club, varying slightly in form, and terminated generally in a hook : head rather large : anterior wings nearly triangular, slightly elongate, posterior rather ovate-triangular, with an obsolete emargination on the hinder margin, and sometimes a rudiment of a tail at the anal angle. Larva pubescent. Chrysalis with the front acuminated. Fabricius having restricted his genus Hesperia, in the Systema Glossatornm, to a very different group of this family, I have adopted the name that he has there applied to the indigenous species, in preference to that of Hesperia, which is more generally employed in this country. The species may be known from those of the genus Thymele by the incrassated straight club to tlie antenna*, the superior robustness of the thorax and abdomen, the more acute anterior wings, and by the rather obsolete rudimentary tail at the an;d angle of the posterior wings : their colours are tawny brown, with spots of a paler hue. There is considerable diversity of structure t Sp. 4. Oileus.? Alls nigra albocjue variis, jmsticis subtiis ciuereis, lineis nigrii undulatis. Pa. Oileus. Gmelin ?—Haworth.—Th. Oileus. Stejili. CutaL Wings rounded; anterior varied with black and white; j)osterior beneath cine- reous, with waved black streaks : antennse black : the club cinereous beneath. " Has been caught in Bedfordshire by the Rev. Dr. Abbott ; and is in Lemans' ancient English cabinet, now in the possession of Lee Philips, Esq. Man- chester."— il/r. Haworffi, in page 334 of the P^ntoniological Transactions: according to whom the insects in question are identical with a species he pos- sesses from Georgia,. in America: but may not the reputed indigenous speci- mens, which I have not seen, be rather identical with the Pa. Fritillum, Hiib.pl 92./. 461— 46.'>.? 100 HAUSTELLATA. — I-KPIDOPTERA. amongst the few which I have still retained in the genus, but as no material advantage would be gained by separating them into genera, I shall merely divide the genus into sections. A. With, the palpi very hairy : the antennae rather long : head moderately large, a. Tlie cluh of the antenna moderatelij stout, straight, no hook at the tip. Sp. 1. Paniscus. Alls supra nigro-fuscis fulvo maculatis, posticis subtiis fulvis maculis Jlavescentihus. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 2 — 3 lin.) He. Paniscus. Fahricius. — Pap. Paniscus. Don. viii. p/. 25 i. f. 1. — Pam. Pa- niscus. Steph. Catal. Wings above black-brown, spotted with tawny : anterior with a central blotch, followed by an interrupted band, intersected with black veins, with two smaller posterior spots, and a marginal band of tawny dots : posterior wings with three discoidal spots, and a row of dots, varying in number, parallel with the hinder margin, all tawny : fringe tawny, black at the base : beneath, the anterior wings are yellowish, with three discoidal spots, then four or five smaller posterior ones, and the nervures at the hinder margin brownish ; the posterior wings yellowish-brown, with seven larger spots, five of which are on the disc, and five smaller on the hinder margin, all of a paler hue ; on the hinder margin is a pale yellowish streak. The colour and size of the spots vary greatly ; and some specimens have the whole of the dusky-brown thickly irrorated with yellowish, both above and below : the sexes differ but little in colour. X Sp. 2. Sylvius. AUs anticis Jlavis nigro maculatis, posticis fuscisjlavo macu~ latis. ( Exp. alar. 1 unc. 2 lin.) Pap. Sylvius. Knoch. — Pam. Sylvius. Steph. Catal Anterior wings above fulvous yellow, Avith fovu- discoidal spots, and seven or eight parallel with the hinder margin black ; the hinder margin dusky, with a brownish fringe : posterior wings brown, with four discoidal spots, and about five towards the outer margin yellow ; the outer margin brown, with a yel- lowish fringe : beneath, the wings are nearly concolorous, but the hinder margin of the anterior has a chain-like series of brown spots, united by a black line on each nervure with the margin ; the posterior wings have a similar terminal band, but the discoidal spots are the same as on the upper surface; the brown ground is irrorated with yellow; the fringe is yellowish. I imagine that the present insect was formerly placed in British cabinets, in lieu of the Pam. Paniscus, which, until recently, was with difficulty procured by the entomologists of this country : I have a specimen which I obtained from an old collection, in which it was called by the name just mentioned, and in that of G. Milne, Esq. F.L.S. are other specimens, but beyond these I have not sufficient authority for introducing this insect into our Fauna. Mr. Milne gave no further account of his insects than that he believed them to be Pam. Paniscus, but knew not their origin ; of my specimen the authority is equally unsatisfactory. IIESPERIID/r.. — PAMPIIILA. ||)1 Caterpillar dark browii on the back, with the sides paler, with two yellow lon- gitudinal stripes; black head, and an orange-coloured ring round the neck: it feeds on the Great plantain ( Plantago major.) Generally reputed a scarce, but merely a very local, species; it occurs in great plenty in several parts of Northamptonshire and Bed- fordshire at the end of May. " Claphani-park Wood, Bedfordshire, and Whitewood, Gamlingay, Cambridgeshire ; near Luton, Bed- fordshire; the Hanglands and another wood, at Milton in North- amptonshire, near Peterborough." — J. C. Dalc^ Esq. " Between Woodstock and Enstone, Oxon." — liev. W. T. Brcc. " Near Dartmoor, Devon." — Miss Jermyn. Sp. 3. Linea. A/is fnfris, jnaritiiie n7g}-o, fwminw inmuiculutls, innn's lineol/i n>gr/i crassiore, posticis subtus gri.seis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 1 — 3 lin.) He. Linea. Fahrkins. — Pap. Thaumas. lA-witt, pL 45. /'. .5 — 7. — Pam. Linea. Steph. Catal. Wings above tawny orange, immaculate, the nervures dusky, and the margin with a black streak ; beneath, the anterior are paler, with the base brown and tip grayish ; the posterior are tawny ash-colour, with a large tawny spot at the anal angle : fringe above rather tawny, with the base brown, beneath ash- colour. The male differs from the female in having an oblique black line in the centre of the anterior wings ; which line is surrounded by a series of elon- gate rugose scales. Less common than the Pam. Sylvanus, but nevertheless pretty abundant; it frequents the borders of woods and shrubby places, towards the end of July ; at Coombe, Darenth, Highgatc, and Peckham woods, and near Ripley, Hertford, Dover, and Hastings. " In plenty near York." — IF. C. Hctcitson, Esq. " Glanvilles Wootton."— /. C. Dale, Esq. " On the Devil's Ditch, Cambridge- shire, but not frequent." — Rev. L. Jenyns. b. With the chth of the antennoc very robust, abrupt, the tip with an acute hook. Sp. 4. Sylvanus. Alis griseo fulvis, tnaculis quadratis supra JIai'is, subtiis albido- Jlavescentibus. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 2 — .5 lin.) He. Sylvanus. Fabricius. — Pap. Sylvanus. Leu'iu,fiLi6.f.\—3. Pam. Syl- vanus. Steph. Catal. ^^'ings above bright fulvous, with the hinder margin and the nervures brown, the margin itself with a strong black line ; the anterior wings are obsoletely spotted with fulvous, the spots being disposed as in Pam. ("onmia : the pos- terior wings are also similar to those of the last-named insect, but the spots are more indistinct ; beneath fulvous, with the tip of the anterior wings slightly tinted with greenish, and an oblong black patch at the base ; posterior wings obscure greenish, faintly spotted with yellowish- white, with a very slender 10'2 HAUSTELLATA. — LF.VIDOPTEUA. black marginal line : cilia fulvous. The male has a black line on the disc of the superior wings, and the nervures and marginal slreak are broader and of a deeper black than in the female, in which sex the spots are more distinct on both surfaces of the wings. The black line on the disc of the anterior wings of the male is bordered towards the base with elongate scales resembling hair, and externally with rugose scales. A very common species, chiefly found on the borders of woods ; in plenty at Coombe and Darenth woods, and on Hertford-heath, about the end of May and again in July ; not uncommon in the woody lanes about Ripley and on Clandon-common. " On Dart- moor, Devon." — Miss Jermyn. " Plentiful near York." — W. C. Hewitson, Esq. " Glanvilles Wootton."— /. C. Dale, Esq. " Ely, Bottisham, and elsewhere, in Cambridgeshire." — liev. L. Jenyns. " Not yet found near Newcastle." — G. IVaiks, Esq. Sp. 5. Comma. AUsfulvis aut griseis,fulvo aid albido maculatis, posticis subtus griseo-virescentibus maculis quadratis albis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 2 — 5 lin.) Pap. Comma. Linni. — Lew in, pi. 45./. 1, 2. — Pam. Comma. Steph. Catal. Anterior wings of the male above fulvous, with a central linear black blotch in- teriorly denuded, and of a silvery hue, the scales betAveen which and the anal B. With the palpi short, densely clothed with scales, not hairy : antenna.' very short, the club abruptly thickened, with a distinct hook : head very large. f Sp. 6. Bucephalus. Plate X. f. 1, 2. Alls supra fuse! s fulvo maculatis, subtus ful vis fuseo maculatis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 3 lin.) Pam. Bucephalus. Steph. Catal "l^^ings above brown, spotted with tawny : anterior with the costa pale tawny at. the base, the colour gradually deepening to the apex, which is of a tawny brown ; near the centre of the wing is an irregular tawny spot, and towards the tip near the costa a quadrate spot of the same hue ; between these and the hinder margin is an oblique series of tawny spots, emarginate exteriorly, the spots becoming longitudinally elongated as they approach the thinner edge of the wing ; the hinder margin is tawny-brown : cilia the same, b,ut lighter at the anal angle of the wing : posterior with two longitudinal tawny streaks, one of them reaching to the hinder margin, the disc between with a series of elongate tawny spots, and a single one anterior to the abbreviated longitudinal streak; the cilia pale tawny-brown; a deep notch on the hinder margin of the wing towards the anal angle : beneath the anterior wings have a large dusky spot at the base, and a row of similar-coloured subovate spots towards the hinder margin, largest at the anal angle : the posterior wings are pale luteous- tawny, speckled with dusky or brownish spots, and towards the anal angle with a broad longitudinal streak of the same colour, bordered anteriorly with pale tawny ; cilia of all the wings as above. rih> V %u iy/K- II ESTER II U.K. I'A.AII'lIIl.A. 1()3 angle are rather elongated, and form a rugose velvet-like patch ; the hinder margin browm, with an undulated band of whitish spots towards the ai>ex : the posterior wings are clouded with brown, and have several obscure fulvous spots, towards the hinder margin, which is of a deep brown : fringe on all the wings yellowish, with the base brown : beneath with the base and apex green- ish, the latter with an undulated band of square pale spots, corresponding with those on the upper surface, and of a paler colour ; posterior wings greenish, with about nine white spots, of which three are placed towards the base, and the rest behind the middle, forming an incurved chain-like band : the fringe below whitish, spotted with brown at the base. Female larger, without the iliscoidal blotch on the anterior wings above : colour above more obscure, but the spots towards the apex of the anterior wings whiter than in the male : be- neath with the disc of the anterior wings dusky, and an irregular band of whitish subquadrate spots towards the apex ; posterior wings as in the male. " Taken in the neighbourhood of Barnstaple in Devonshire." — W. Raddon, Esq., Avho possessed two specimens of the insect, which he assures me were caj)tured by himself in the above locality several years since. I have therefore on his testimony admitted the species ; but I cannot avoid surmising that its origin is questionable, and that the specimens above alluded to were probably im- ported in one of their earher states, among the timber or other stores which Mr. Raddon acquaints me came direct from the North American continent to Barnstaple. I am induced to say thus much from the circumstance of the section of the genns to which this insect belongs being without any other ex- ception exclusively found in America ; but it is nevertheless possible that the eastern hrait of the group may extend to the west of Europe; at all events it is necessary for me to notice the communication; and I have also, through the kindness of i\Ir. Raddon, given a figure of the insect, as it appears to be a nondescript, in order to enable others to recognise it, should they be fortunate enough to ascertain any thing further relative to the real origin of the species ; but for my sentiments respecting the admission of similar species into the Fauna of any country, I must refer to the observations subjoined to Dcile- phila Celerio, and here express my opinion that the present insect is an im- ported species and not an aboriginal native of Britain. t Sp. 7. Vitellius. A/is fulvis, anticis macula media margincijuc posticis Innho f'liscis. He. ViteUius. Fabriciu$.—Vz.m. Vitellius. Sfcph. CaUiL Size of He. Comma : anterior wings fulvous, with a spot in the middle, and the hinder margin black : posterior fulvous, with the entire margin black ; be- neath all the wings fulvous immaculate. In page .33 1 of the 1st vol. of the Entomological Transactions, this is given as an English species, in the following terms: "Has been caught in P.edfordshire by the Rev. Dr. Abbott."- Jf/-. Ilaworth: but I believe the insect in ques- tion to lie a nati\e of North America alone. .':ec upon this subject the observa- tions appended to ll.c preceding: species. 104 HAUSTELLATA. — LEl'IDOPTERA, but greener, and the spots more distinct and whiter, more or less edged with black, and emarginate externally. Var. /3. The wings above of a pale greenish ochraceous ; the macvdations as usual. The peculiar character possessed by the male of this species, and which is men- tioned by Ochsenheimer, but by no EngUsh writer, admirably identifies it with the Pa. Comma of Linne, who, in his description of the anterior wings, says, " Litura nigra linearis margine nudd subargenteCi in medio pagine superioris." Caterpillar dirty green with a dorsal and lateral row of black dots, mixed with red : head black, with a white collar : — it feeds on the Coronilla varia, according to the authors of the ^Feiner Verzeichnis. A local species occurring in plenty on Riddlesdown near Croy- don, and on the chalky downs of Sussex, especially near Lewes. It used formerly to be taken on Hanwell-common, Middlesex, but I have not heard of any recent captures near that place : it appears towards the end of August. " Discovered in considerable abun- dance towards the middle of August, 1825, on the Devil's Ditch, between the running gap and the turnpike ; the specimens remark- ably large and fine."" — Rev. L. Jenyns. " Old Sarum, Wilts, July, 1826."— J. C. Dale, Esq. The second division of the Lepidoptera consists of the Crepuscularia, Latreille : WTiich are characterised by having the antennae various, but gradually produced into a prismatic or fusiform club, with the apex frequently terminating in a fascicle of hairs : wings, when at rest, horizontal or a little inclined ; the pos- terior with a rigid setiform process at the base, passing through a hook be- neath and retaining the anterior; they are frequently transparent; the an- terior larger than the posterior, and generally much elongated : body cyUndric or conical, sometimes furnished with a large tuft of scales or hair at the apex. The larvae have sixteen legs, six pectoral, eight abdominal, and two anal ; the last segment is frequently armed with a homy process; and the pupae are smooth, sometimes furnished with spines, either buried in the earth or foUi- culated. The perfect insects of the typical family generally fly in the evening or at day-break, the others in the morning and afternoon, and live for a short period only. This division corresponds with the genus Sphinx of Linne and Lis followers ; but it may be readily and most advantageously sepa- rated into the following families by the subjoined characters : {v.vo,.«c. ti J fanoimberbi: . . 2. Sphingid.'e. breves: Abdomen \ ■, ■> ^ „ c (anobarbato: . . 3. Sesiid.^. elonjratie- Alw j s*pissime hyalinre : . 4. tEgeriid^e. ° ( squamis tccta' : . . 1. Zyg^nid^. zyg;f,nid/e. — I NO. lo.;, Family L— ZYGTENID^E, Leach. Antenna; fusiform, sometimes bipectinated, without a fascicle of scales at the apex : head smooth : paliii short or elongate, clothed with long scales or por- rected hair, the terminal joint elongated : abdovien cylindric, with a slight tuft at the apex : win/ reaching beyond the clypeus, cyhn- dric -conic, acuminated, densely clothed with hair : head, thorax, and abdomen tliickly clothed with short silken hairs, with a few scales intermixed. Larva villose, fusiform, generally spotted with black, on a pale ground; head small: pupa elongate. Zygsena having been employed by the ancients to designate a fish *, the Hamrner-headed Shark, that name is, consequently, im- proper to be used for a genus of insects : I have therefore reverted to the one applied by Scopoli, to prevent the inevitable confusion which must arise if different classes of beings are called by similar names. The species of Anthrocera are all extremely beautiful, and t Sp. 2. Globularise. Alis anticis cceruleo-viridibus, ■posticis fuscis, antennis om- nino pectinatis, apice cuspidatis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc 4 Un.) Zy. GlobulariiE. Hiilner. — Ino Globulariae. Steph. Catal. The anterior wings of a blue-green, the posterior brown : the antennae pectinated, with the apex simple. A variety of the foregoing insect having been considered as the Zy. globulariae of Hiibner, as such I recorded it, but having subsequently examined the spe- cimen, I find that it is referable to Ino Statices, var. /S. Ino Globularise must therefore be removed from the hst ; but I conceive that it is extremely pro- bable for it to occur in England. * Dascillus, Liparis, Phycis, Colocasia, Staphylinus, &c., have all been im- properly applied to genera in entomology, and should be discarded. ZYGMVlUJlL.. ANTHUOCtUA. 107 tlie indigenous ones are characterized by their anterior wiiiirs being brilliant green or bluish-green, more or less spotted with red, and their posterior wings of the latter colour, with a dusky or bluish border. They are gregarious, and inhabit fields and meadows, and may be known from the species of the preceding genus by their elongate simple antennae, which have a curved fusiform club, ter- minating in an acute point. Owing to their uniformity of appear- ance, they have been much neglected in this country; but there are evidently several species which I have attempted to discriminate, but unfortunately I am unable to give so complete an accoiuit of the history of all as I wish, from my former ignorance of their distinct- ness; and I conceive that it would be a dereliction from those principles which have hitherto guided me, were I to pass them over in silence as mere varieties, their distinctions not resting upon the authority of one, but of several specimens, which generally vary considerably amongst each other, each, however, retaining its proper character. Sp. 1. Meliloti. Alis anticis nigro-vlrescentlbus, aut virescenti-cyaneis, sithdiu' phanis, maculis guinque rubris; posticis rubris marg-ine tcnui niirro-virescente. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 3 — 4 lin.) Zy. Meliloti. Ochsenhcimcr. — An. Meliloti. Steph. Catal Distinguished from the other indigenous species by the transparency, elonga- tion, and slenderness of its wings, and their markings : the anterior are of a deep-greenish or greenish-blue, with a large obscurely duplex red spot at the base, two others placed rather obliquely on the disc, frequently united, and a fifth towards the apex near thecosta: the inferior are red, with a very slender dusky-greenish margin. Var. /3. With all the red spots on the anterior wings vmited into an irregular longitudinal streak. The antenniE are much shorter and more slender in this than in either of the following insects. CaterpiUar (according to Esper) greenish, with the head and anterior legs black, the rest green : a whitish stripe on the back, and a row of black spots on the sides: it feeds on Trefoil (TrijhUum). The chrysalis is yellowish-white, with dusky back and wing-cases.— Albin seems to have figured the larva of this insect as that of An. Filipendulae. I was fortunate enough to meet with this species in great plenty the latter end of June, 1826, in West Horsley-park, Surry: it has not been noticed as a native of Britain; and wore it not from the circumstance of my possessing an extensive series of specimens, taken in the above locality, aU agreeing in material points with 108 HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPTERA. each other, I might yet have passed it over, as I have hitherto the only specimen which was phiced in my cabinet, as a mere wasted variety of the followinir insect. In Mr. Vigors' collection is also a specimen taken in a different locality. Sp. 3. Trifolii. Alia anticis cyaneis maculis quinquc ruhris, duabus mediis scepe coadunatis, suhtus concolorilms; posticis ruhris, margine latiori cyaneo. (Exp. alar. 11 lin. — 1 unc. 2—3 Kn.) Sp, Trifolii. Esper.—An. Trifolii. Steph. Catal. Anterior wings deep greenish-blue, with two distinct red spots at the base, two others placed obliquely on the disc, the anterior smallest, and a single round one towards the apex, near the costa : posterior wings deep red, with a very broad, slightly waved deep bluish-black marginal fascia. Var. B. With the two oblique discoidal spots on the anterior wings confluent. Var. y. As in var. |S, but the discoidal spots united by a narrow Une with the one at the apex. Var. ?. The basal and discoidal spots confluent, and united by a streak of red. Var. s. All the spots longitudinally confluent, forming a broad irregular flame- like blotch. Caterpillar dusky-yellow, with four rows of black spots ; two on the back, and two on each side : it feeds on Trefoil. Chrysahs black. Found abundantly in several parts of the country, towards the end of May, or beginning of June, particularly in Devonshire, and near Brockenhurst, in the New-forest ; also in a field near High- gate, and at Colney-hatch : it has generally been considered, by English collectors, as the Zy. Loti of Fabricius, but that insect Is considerably larger, and is subsequently noticed. " Horningsea-fen, near Caml^ridge.'" — Professor Henslow. " Common near New- castle." — G. Wuiles, Esq.: this informatioii furnished on the know- ledge of one five-S]totted species alone; it is, therefoi'e, (]ou])tful to which it strictly applies, as I have not seen a northern specimen. f Sp. 2. Scabiosffi. Alis anticis viridihus, macitlis oblongis approximatis sa7i- gitineis, posticis ruhris. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. fi lin.) Zy. scabiose. — Fahricius. — Haworth, 74. — An. Scabioste. Steph. Catal. Anterior wings dusky-green, with three elongate narrow red streaks, two at the base, and one towards the apex; posterior red, the raargiii dusky-blue: antenna; slender, but slightly clavate, bhiish-blacl. : body dark-coloured. Said by Mr. Haworth to have ])een taken near London ]iy Captain Lindegren : I have not seen an indigenous specimen, and as var. i of An. Trifolii has been usually referred in this country to the Zy. Scabiosss of Fabricius, I suspect the insect mentioned by Mr. Haworth may have been merely a variety of that species. ZYG^NID.E. ANTHROCERA. 109 Sp. 4. Loti. Alls anticis nicrro-cyaneis mnculh rpdnque ruhris, suhttu cnncofo- ribus, posticis ruhris, Ihnho lato sinuato mgro-cyunco. (Exp. alar. 1 uiic. 4— G lin.) Zy. Loti. Fahricius.~Dnn. ix. j,!. 319?— An. Loti. Sieph. Catat. Consi.lerably larger than the foregoing, which it greatly resembles: the anterior wings are deep blue, witli five large re.l spots, two at the l)asc, two placed obliquely on the disc, and one at the apex towards the costa: Uie posterior wings are fleep red, with a broad waved black-blue margin. Var. /3. AFith the basal and discoidal spots united. Var. y. 'W'ii\\ the discoidal and apical sjMJts confluent The superior size of this species, and the comparatively narrow margin to the posterior wings, distinguish it from An. Trifolii. Caterpillar pale green, witli.a row of black spots on the back, and one on each side, the latter (in the females) with a bright yellow streak beneath : it feeds on various kinds of Trefoil (Trifolium). The chrysalis is yellowish, with black wing-sheaths. Of this insect I have tliree specimens only, all different, one of which I found in June, in a field near Eltham, Kent, several years ago, and the others were captured near London ; but their locality is unknown to me, though, as I obtained them from dealers who principally collect in the above county, it is probable they were taken in the same place with the other specimen. Sp. 5. Hippocrepidis. Alis anticis nigro-cyaneis, macttUs sex ruhris, suhfiis omniiin conjluentibus, posticis ruhris margine sinuato viridi-cyaneo, ahdomine immaculato. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 1 — 7 lin.) Zy. Hippocrepidis. Ochsenhcimcr. — An. Hippocrepidis. Stcph. Catal This varies in size Uke An. FiUpendulsc, which it greatly resembles ; but the border of the posterior wings is considerably more distinct than in that insect, and undulated internally: the sixth spot on the anterior wings (the one towards the anal angle) is generally small, with a coloured nervure passing through it ; the under surface of the anterior wings with the disc entirely red, and the maculations not defined. Above, the anterior wings are blue- black, with six red spots, disposed as in An. Filipenduhe, and the posterior red, with an undulated greenish-blue margin : the abdomen immaculate. Var. /3. The anterior wings above of a pale yellowish-green, with six pale lemon-yellow spots : the posterior wings of the latter colour, with a bluish- green border. Like An. FilipenduLr this varies considerably from the spots being more or less confluent, or obliterated. Caterpillar greenish, with a broad yellowish stripe on each side, and a row of black spots: the head black varied with white, the anterior legs brown, the , following yellow, the rest black : it feeds on the W'\V\ Liquorice (Astragalus g/ycyphy/lusj. The chrysalis is dusky-brown, with tlie abdomen greenish spotted with black. 110 HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPTERA. I have captured this insect in the vicinity of London ; first in a field near Coombe-wood, on the 20th June, 1810, and subsequently near Darenth-wood : of var. /3, I have seen three specimens only, which were reared from larva; taken in the latter habitat, where the Wild Liquorice abounds. Sp. 6. Filipendulse. Alis anticis viridi-cyaneis fusco-ciliatis, maculis sex rubris, posticis rubris margine tenue nigra, abdomine atro immaculato. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. — 1 unc. 6 — 7 lin.) Sp. Filipendulae. Linne. — Bon. 1 pi. 6. — An. Filipendulae. Steph. Catal. Anterior wings of a green-blue, with six red spots : two at the base, two placed obliquely across the disc, and two nearly parallel with the last, at the apex; underside similar: posterior deep red, with a very narrow blue-black mar- ginal band : cilia of all the wings brownish glossed with green. Var. /3. With the two discoidal spots of the anterior wings united. Var. y. The two apical spots alone united. Var. S. The same as var. jS, and with the two apical spots also united, forming two oblique red bars. Var. £. The four basal spots united longitudinally by a narrow red streak. Var. Z- AH the spots united into a narrow flame-Uke red dash. Caterpillar yellow, with three rows of larger black spots on the back, and a row of smaller ones on each side : head and anterior legs black, the rest yeUow. It feeds on the Plantain (Plantago), Trefoil fTrifo/mra J, Dandelion (Leon- todon Taraxacum), Mouse-ear Hawkweed (Hieracium PilosellwJ, Quake grass (Briza minor), &c. The chrysaUs is yellow, with the head, wing- sheaths, and tip black. An insect of general occurrence, being found equally abundant in the North, in Devonshire, South Wales, &c, as in the metropo- litan district : its time of appearance is towards the end of June, or the beginning of July, and it affects fields and meadows by the sides of woods. Family XL— SPHINGID^, Leach. Antennce prismatic, sometimes serrated towards the middle, ciliated slightly in the males, terminated by a scaly seta, or naked filiform appendage: palpi short, three-jointed, densely clothed with hair or scales, the terminal joint minute: abdomen conical, not tufted at the apex. Larvcs exposed, cylin- dric or attenuated anteriorly, with a horn on the last segment, naked, some- times granulated, the sides frequently with oblique or longitudinal stripes : pupa subterranean, or subfoUiculated. This family embraces some of the largest of the European Lepi- doptera, which are no less distinguished by their immense bulk than by the beauty and agreeableness of their colours, which, although SPHINGIDJE. — SMERINTHUS. 1 1 \ usually of sombre tints, are nevertheless exceedingly gay in several of the si)ecies. They fly with great rapidity (whence they liave obtained the name of Hawk-moths) towards sunset, and early in the morning, when they may be observed hovering over flowers, without settling uj»oii them, and extracting their nectareous juices by means of their long si)iral tongue. Their larvse are very conspicuous, and generally while at rest they assume the attitude of the Spjiinx, whence their name : they mostly change into a pupa bene;ith the ground, and it is not unusual for several of one brood to remain two, three, or more seasons, Itefore they eff'ect their final mctiimor- phosis— a wise provision of nature to prevent their destruction, which the great size and conspicuity of the larvse tend to promote : in ordinary cases, however, the larvse retire under-ground, or form a loose coccoon among dead leaves on the surface, in the autumn, and undergo their change, and the imago is produced in the begin- ning of summer; the enormous larvse of Acherontia Atrojios forming an exception, as they generally change to pupse in August, and the insect bursts forth in the following October : and in fine seasons other species will have two broods, as hereafter mentioned. The indigenous genera may be thus distinguished : f plus minusve angulatEe: 23. Smerinthus. Alec < f breves: . ...» 24. Acherontia. (integrae, acutae; AIaa;iUa: < tlongeitx ; An- (^haud clavatae: 25. Sphinx. { tennce: . < (clavatae: . 2G. Deilephila. Genus XXIII. — Smerinthus, Latreille. Antenna: gradually incrassated, serrated, especially in the males, somewhat prismatic ; the apex generally incurved and attenuated : patfri contiguous : viaxUhe very short : head small : anterior wings more or less angulated or dentated. Larva very much granulated, head conical, last segment with a conical recurved horn : pupa slightly rugose, acute, and pointed at the apex, subterranean. The genus Smerinthus differs from the rest of this family by the amazing brevity of the maxillae, and by the angulated or notched wings ; unlike the other Sphingidse, they settle upon flowers, and take their food in that position, owing to the shortness of f heir {pro- boscis; they exist but a very short period, and scarcely fly; their flight is very awkward, and they are very dull and heavy insects. Their larvae subsist upon the leaves of trees, not upon low herl>age, and during repose the posterior wings are generally produced 112 HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPTERA. beyond the costa of the anterior, as in many of the Bombycidse : the serrated antennse of the males also serves to distinguish that sex with facility from the other genera. Sp. 1. Ocellatus. AUs subangidatis, anticis ruhicundo, brunneo fuscoque varie- s;atis, posticis roseis, ocello coeruleo. (Exp. alar. $ 2 unc. 9 lin. — 3 unc: 2- 3 unc. 6—8 lin.) Sph. Ocellata. Linne. — Don. viii. pi. 209. — Sm. Ocellatus. Steph. Catal. Anterior wings angulated, of a rosy-ash, with a clouded, oblique, central, in- terrupted band, several undulated strigs, and the hinder margin irregularly brown; a central discoidal pale sublunate transverse streak; and midway between it and the hinder margin a blackish-brown spot, and frequently two or three similar maculations at the anal angle ; posterior wings rosy at the base, the anterior edge cinereous, with paler clouds, and the posterior rosy- griseous ; towards the anal angle is a large ocellus, having the pupil of great size, of a bluish-brown, the iris blue, and an outer circle of black, the latter coloiir often reaching to the anal angle, which is generally dusky: fringe of all the wings brown, edged with white near the anal angle of the posterior, which have a sUght emargination : head and thorax pale cinereous, the latter with a deep brown patch; abdomen dark immaculate cinereous. Caterpillar very rugose, of a beautiful green, with oblique white lateral stripes, and whitish ocellated spots, the anterior legs and stigmata rosy: — it feeds on the various species of willow {Salix), poplar {Populus), apple (^Pi/rus Malus), and sloe (Prunus spinosd), and appears in the autumn, changing in September to a brown pupa with a black back. The imago is produced towards the end of May, and is found in tolerable plenty in several places near London, especially on Epping Forest, near Wanstead, where there is a profusion of aspen trees, and in the marshes about Limehouse, Bow, and Stratford ; also in Battersea Fields ; at Hertford, Ripley, &c. " Not uncommon near Spitchweek, Exeter, and near Ashburton, Devon." — Dr. Leach, " In great abundance near York." — W, C. Hezvitson, Esq. — " Near Carlisle." — T. C. Heysham, Esq. " Occasionally met with at Bottisham and Cambridge, but not common." — Rev. L. Jenyns. Harris mentions, in his Aurelian, that he once found a specimen of this species in whose abdomen several specimens of a Dermestes had taken up their abode while the insect was yet alive. Sp. 2. Popuh. AUs dentatis griseis fasciis ohscuriorihus, anticis puncto medio alba, posticis basi ferrugineis. (Exp. alar. /i. Catal. Anterior wings somewhat trilobate, griseous, clouded with greenish, or rosy-gri- seous, sometimes ferruginous, especially in the female, with an interrupted transverse central oblique band, composed of two large subquadratc olive- brown spots, a broad marginal band of greenish on the hinder margin, and a white or whitisli patch at the tip of the costa: the posterior wings griseous, with an obscure brownish band, placed obliquely, and terminating in dusky at the anal angle, which is slightly emarginate : thorax whitisli, with three olivaceous bands united in front: abdomen cinereous or greenish. Var. B. Of a deep rusty griseous, with the subinterriipted fasiia and tips of the anterior wings of a livid hue. Var. y. Anterior wings with a small round central dot, in lieu of the fascia. Var. S. Anterior wings with the central fascia unbroken. Haustf.llata. Vol. I. 30tii Junk, IS'JH. 2 114 HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPTERA. . Some specimens liave a dot on one wing and a fascia on the other : in colour they vary greatly. Caterpillar variable, rugose: slender anteriorly, green or brown with obUque red or yellow streaks on its sides: it feeds on the lime (Tilia europaea), elm (Ulnms campestris), alder ( Betida AlnusJ, birch ( Betula alba J, and oak CQucrcKs Robur). The pupa is dirty brown. Not a very abundant species ; occurring, however, tolerably fre- quent near Hertford, Fulbam, Richmond, Coombe-wood, on Ep- ping-forest, &c. It usually makes its appearance towards the end of May; but I once took a remarkably fine specimen on the 19th July, and last August 1 bred one that was taken in the larva state in July previous near Ripley. " Near Exeter, Ashburton, and Spithweek, Devon." — Dr. Leach. " Plentiful at Bottisham." — ■ Rev. L. Jcnijns. " Once near York." — W. C. Hezvitson, Esq. « Kimpton in May last."— Eft;. G. T. Rudd. Genus XXIV. — Acherontia, Ochsenheimer. Antennce short, very gradually and slightly thickened from the base nearly to the apex, uncinated, the hook temtiinating in a long hairy seta : jMlpi not con- tiguous, appUed close to the head, naked inwardly, densely clothed with hair outwardly : maxiUa; very short, robust : head large : wings entire, the posterior slightly emarginated : cilia very short : body obtuse, densely clothed with short velvety pile. Catc7-pillar naked, with oblique lateral stripes, the anal horn tuberculated, deflexed, curved at the tip : pupa smooth, subterraneous. Acherontia has very short robust maxillse, but nevertheless consi- derably longer than those of the preceding genus, from which it is instantly known by the integrity of its wings ; from Sphinx and Deilephila the former character separates it, as well as the superior robustness of its body — which is densely clothed with a velvety pile — and the brevity and stoutness of its antennae. The larva also differs considerably from that of the other genera, especially in the caudal appendage. Sp 1. Atropos. Alis anticis fuscis, nigra Juteoque variis, puncto centrali albido, posticis luteis, fasciis duabus nigris, abdomine luteo cingulis lineaque donali atris. (Exp. alar. $ 4 unc. 4 — 8 lin. : ? 4 unc. 10 lin. — 5 unc. 1 Un.) Sp. Atropos. Linni}. — Ac. Atropos. Curtis, iv. pi. 147. — Steph. Catal. This magnificent insect is unquestionably the largest of the European Lepi- doptera : its anterior wings are brown, varied with black and luteous, with some ferruginous dashes towards the ti}), and a central whitish spot; they are thickly irrorated throughout with whitish : the posterior wings are luteous, with two black, or deep brown, bands, the outer one broadest, and emarginatc sphingida:. — acheuontia. 115 on both sides: head black: thorax bluish-black, with a large central yellow or whitish patch, rounded anteriorly and expanded posteriorly, having two small deep black spots, and two larger, of the colour of the thorax, beliiMd : abdomen luteous, with the margins of the segments black, and with an inter- rupted dorsal line, and the greater portion of the tenninal segment bluish : an- tennae black with a white tip. Caterpillar in its first state dirty red, finally yellow, with the back granulated and speckled with black ; the transverse lateral lines united on the back, anteriorly blue, posteriorly white, with a purple dash in the centre of each on the sides : it feeds on the potato f Solarium tuberosum), jasmine ( Jasminum ojficinaltj, thornapple (Datura Stramonium), spindle tree C Euonymus europceus), hemp (Cannabis saliva), elder ( Sambucus nigra), woody nightshade ( Solanum Dulcamara), &c. ; the former is, however, their favourite pabulum. The pupa is bright red-brown. Notwithstanding the immense size of the hirva, which is some- times four or five inches in length, and of the thickness of a man's finger, they are not very frequently observed, from the circumstance of their not venturing out during the day-time, unless when seeking for a convenient spot to undergo their change, their usual time for feeding being in the evening : they have, however, occasionally been met with in considerable plenty, and the public journals, for the year 1826 especially, abounded with almost miraculous ac- counts of the immense bulk both of the larva and imago, and of their appearance in all parts of the kingdom, especially on all the coasts. The unsuccessful attempts formerly made by persons to rear them to the perfect state has induced many to suppose that there was great difficulty attendant thereon ; but of late years the insect has been reared in tolerable plenty by several individuals, and a fair proportion of the imago has been produced ; the larvfe are usually full grown about the middle of August, when they retire under ground and form an oval cell, in which they change to the pupa. Towards the end of September or the beginning of Octoi)er the imago is produced, and, like the rest of the group. Hies morning and evening only. The conspicuous patch on the back of its thorax, which has considerable resemblance to a cranium, or Death's head, combined with the feeble cry of the insect, which closely resembles the noise caused by the creaking of a cork, more than the ])htintive squeaking of a mouse, has caused the insect to be lookeil upon by superstitious persons as the " harbinger of (h^ith, disea^e, and famine," and their sudden appearance in Hretagne, as we are in- formed by Latreille, during a season while the iidiabiUmts were 116 HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPTERA. suffering from an epidemic disease, tended to confirm the notions of the superstitious in that district, and the disease was attributed by them entirely to the visitations of these hapless insects ! Considerable diversity of opinion prevails amongst naturalists respecting the organ which enables the insect to make the noise above alluded to ; and common as the insect is, the point remains undecided. Reaumur and Ro'esel attribute it to the friction of its maxillae against its palpi, an opinion which has been followed by many, and apparently with justice, as the structure of the latter organs seems calculated for the purpose ; but Engramelle informs us that M. de Johet plucked out the maxillae and cut off the palpi of one of these insects, and yet the noise was produced when the wings were agitated ; he, consequently, imagined that the instru- ment causing the noise was connected with these latter appendages ; and, upon an examination of them, he detected two concave scales (the petagiae ? common to all Lepidoptera) at their base, which he infers were the objects in question ; for by depriving a second spe- cimen thereof, the insect became mute : according to M. de Johet, therefore, the noise is occasioned by the air being suddenly propelled against these scales by the action of the wings. Again, M. Lorrey states that it arises from the air escaping rapidly from peculiar cavi- ties communicating with the spiracles, and furnished with a fine tuft of hairs on the sides of the abdomen. In the number of the Annales des Sciences Naturelles, &c. for March last, is a note by M. Duponchel, relative to the observations of M. Passerini on this subject. After alluding to the opinions of MM. Reaumur, Ro'esel, and Lorrey, M. Duponchel tells us, that he (M. P.) controverts them, by stating that the noise is produced from the interior of the head, in which is a cavity in communication with the trunk or maxillae, and between which are placed the requisite muscles for its elevation and de- pression : he also notes, that having cut off the abdomen the noise continued, as was also the case when the tongue was extirpated; and although it ceased when the muscles above-mentioned were paralyzed, it was reproduced upon passing a strong pin sharply and vertically into the head. He further remarks, with reference to the opinion of M. Lorrey, that although both sexes utter the cry in question, one of them alone is furnished with the apparatus mentioned by him, an apparatus likewise found in other Crepus- cularia, especially Macroglossa, which are mute. M. Duponchel also observes that a membrane exists betwixt the eyes, which does SPHINGIDjE. — ACHERONTIA. J 17 not seem likely to be connected with the point in question, inas- much as it is likewise found in Sphinx Convolvuli ; and, in con- clusion, he acquaints us, that M, Passerini invites the attention of naturalists to the subject, as it is his intention to furnish them with the result of his observations, accompanied by dissections. I regret being unable to reconcile these various opinions, from never having been fortunate enough to possess a living specimen of the insect, although I once had an opportunity of hearing the noise, through the kindness of Mr. Raddon. Another remarkable property imputed to this insect is its pro- pensity to rob the honey-bee of its mellifljious stores, a fact that has been noted by Kuhn, Huber, and others, and which has obtained for it the name of the Bee-tiger Moth. Upon its entrance into life this singular insect also offers a pecu- liarity ; the wings and members, upon its disengagement from the pupa, being enveloped in a fine thin membrane, which, rapidly drying and opening, liberates the captive prisoner, and its wings become speedily enlarged, and the insect capable of performing all the functions for which it is called into existence. Although of unusual occurrence generally, this species cannot be esteemed scarce, as it is found annually in some parts of the country, and in certain seasons, as above-mentioned, it abounds ; but unless diligently sought after in the larva state is not easily detected. In the potato-fields, near Ham, in Essex, nearly a bushel of pupae were obtained in the course of a few weeks, by a gentleman, from the labourers some years since ; and two years ago Mr. Raddon procured a considerable number of larvcC from the neighbourhood of Twickenham. In the same season many were taken in Devonshire by Captain Blomer, who kindly supplied me with specimens ; others were found near Hastings, Brighton, Wor- cester, Birmingham, &c. and many of the imago in the autumn : the latter has frequently been observed at sea. I have heard of a spe- cimen having flown into a vessel when sailing midway between the Glamorgan and Devonshire coasts, and of several having been taken three or four miles from land; this circumstance luis induced some persons to imagine that the insect was not truly indigenous, but its simultaneous appearance in different parts of the country satisfac- torily confutes that theory. " In the summer of 1825 the larva was frequently taken near Car- lisle.'"' — T. C. Hiijsham, Esq. " In profusion near York, as. well 1 18 HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPTERA. as the imago, in the autumn ; since which it has been very scarce : also taken in Northumberland and Scotland." — W. C. Hewitson, Esq. " Once near Bottisham in the winged state, and occasionally in the larva state, near Cambridge." — Rev. L. Jenyns. " Not uncommon in Durham; once taken four miles at sea; a second buzzing about a bee-hive." — Mr. J. 0. Backhouse. Genus XXV. — Sphinx Avdorum. Antennae rather elongate, gradually, but slightly increasing in thickness from the base nearly to the apex, especially in the females ; the apex attenuated, uncinated, and terminated by a scaly seta : palpi contiguous at their apex, densely clothed with hair: maxillce very long: head large, subtrigonate : ivings entire : bodtf thickly clothed with hair. Caterpillar smooth generally, with obhque lateral stripes^ the horn smooth, incurved: pupa smooth, the sheath of the maxillse always prominent, and detached. Sphinx differs from Acherontia by the superior length of its maxillse and antennae, and by the comparative slenderness of its body and wings ; the species are usually of great bulk, and have the abdomen generally fasciated with brilliant colours, while the wings are of sombre hues of brown and black, varied with cinereous or white, and sometimes tinted with rosy : from Deilephila they may be known by the same characters, and by the scaly setaceous apex of their antennae. Sp. 1. Carolina. Alls fusco cinereoque variis, posticis fasciis 3 — ^fuscis, exte- rioribus argute dentatis, abdomine maculis luteis decern aut duodecim. (Exp. alar. unc. 4 — 8 hn.) Sp. Carolina. Linne. — Curtis, v. pi. 197. — Steph. Catal. Anterior wings brown, varied with cinereous, with several dark brown zigzag and undulated strigae, and a whitish one towards the hinder margin ; in the centre of the disc, towards the costa, is a white spot edged with black : the posterior wings are pale fuscous, with three or four darker bands, the outer one strongly dentated, and the space between it and the margin sometimes of a deep brown : cilia of all the wings brown, spotted with whitish : thorax yellowish brown, transversely strigated with black anteriorly, with a black spot on each side behind: abdomen brown, with five or six orange spots edged with dark brown on each side, the spots diminishing to the apex. Caterpillar, according to Abbot, green, with white lateral stripes and a pink tail : it feeds on potato, tobacco, &c. Although this fine insect has been re- peatedly taken in England, it unquestionably cannot be considered as in- digenous, and ought to be rigidly excluded from our cabinets, otherwise the most perplexing consequences must inevitably arise, to the total confusion of SPHINfHD,T:. — SPHINX. 119 Sp. 3. Convolvuli. Alls cincreis, antici.i fusco nlgroquc nehulosis, posticis nifrro Jasciatis, abdo?nine cinguHs airis ruhrmjuc albo marginatis. (Exp. alar. S 4 unc. 4 — 6 lin. ? i unc. 6 — 8 lin.) Sp. Convolvuli. Linnr. — Don. vii. pi. 228, 229. — Steph. Catal. Anterior wings cinereous clouded with fuscous and black, with several straight and zigzag streaks of the latter colour, the fringe white, interrupted with brown : posterior wings with four irregular black bands, the basal one short and oblique, the others nearly parallel with each other, and with the hinder margin : the fringe as before : head ash-coloured : thorax deep ash, with obsolete dark lines: behind with an ovate bluish spot, posteriorly edged with black, and a red spot adjoining: abdomen deep cinereous, with about five segments white at the base, then red, and margined with black, giving the appearance of five tricoloured belts, interrupted on the back. our inquiries into the geographical distribution of insects. If this be admitted, as well might the "noble monarch of the forest," because a captive lioness which had escaped from her prison was retaken on Salisbury Plain. Of Sp. C^arolina a single specimen, called Sp. 5 — maculatus in Mr. Wilkin's Catalogue, is now in Mr. Vigors' cabinet, and two in that of Mr. Curtis, which were taken in England ; and I also possess a pair. Its true locaUty is North America. Sp. 2. Quinquemaculatus. Alls cinereo fuscoque nebuhsis, jMsticis fasciis 3 — !■ fuscis, exthnd integi-d, abdomine maculis lutcis decern. (Exp. alar. 4 unc. 8 lin.) Sp. Quinquemaculatus. Haworth. — Steph. Catal. Sp. Carolina. Donovan, xi. pi. 361. Anterior wings clouded with cinereous and brown, with several undulated black strigae, a broader flexuous one on the hinder margin, between which and the margin is a broad pale cinereous fascia, gradually shaded into the brown at the apex of the wing ; the margin itself is brown : posterior pale cinereous, with three or four brown fascia;, of which the outer is broadest and entire, and the inner dentated ; the hinder margin is also brown ; abdomen pale cinereous, with five orange spots edged with black on each side. The native place of this insect is also North America, and I believe that it is the second species which feeds on the potato, tobacco, &c. alluded to by Abbot, who, in his remarks upon Sp. Carolina, says, " There is reason to suspect two species of this fly; at least a great variety of colours is observable in both sexes." Four, if not more, specimens have been found in England : the first was taken at Chelsea, and was in Mr. Drury's cabinet, now in the possession of Mr. Donovan ; a second in Mr. Haworth's collection, taken near the same place ; one in Mr. Atkinson's cabinet, found in the caterpillar state at Leeds, and the fourth in my own ; but no doubt all were imported ; and the simple fact of Mr. Atkinson's specimen having been reared from the larva is not iniUcativc of the native origin of the species. 120 HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPTERA. The female has the anterior wings less clouded, and the posterior of a deeper colour. Caterpillar very variable^ green spotted with black, or brown, with the back darkest, generally with dark ochraceous yellow oblique lateral stripes ; the stigmata sometimes black, at others pink ; horn dusky or brown : it feeds on the greater and lesser bindweed ( Convolvuli sepium et arvensis); changes to a rich shining brown pupa, with a long recurved sheath for its proboscis, about July, and the imago appears about the middle of September. Sp. Convolvuli has hitherto been esteemed a rare insect in Britain, but it occurs in every part of the country, specimens having been captured at Caithness, Dover, Margate, Brighton, Penzance, Kingsbridge, South Wales, Norfolk, and in several of the inland counties ; its appearance near London cannot be con- sidered uncommon, and last September several were captured at Walworth, Camberwell, and near Hammersmith ; some years since I had a specimen brought to me which was taken on a lamp-post in Sp. 4. Drursei. Alls cinereo fuscoque nebulosis, anticis lineolis duabus mediis strigisque aliquot nigris, posiicis roseis fasciis tribus nigris; abdomine cinereo fasciis lateralibus roseis nigrisque alternis. (Exp. alar. 3 unc. 11 Hn. — 4 unc. 4lin.) Sph. Drurffii. Donovan, xiv.pl. 469. Steph. Catal. A beautiful insect, at first sight resembling Sp. ConvolvuU or Ligustri: the anterior wings cinereous clouded with brown, with several undulated black strigae disposed in pairs, an irregular zigzag streak at the apex, and two strong longitudinal lines on the disc, of the same colour : on the disc, between the two black lines and the costa, is a black circle, anterior to which, towards the apex, is an open lunide of the same colour : the posterior wings are bright rosy at the base, gradually shading off to cinereous on the hinder margin ; they have three black fascia, the outer one slightly emarginate on each side, and the anterior divided towards the anal angle, where it takes a bend to the margin : the cilia of all the wings brown interrupted with white : thorax cinereous, with one lateral and several anterior black strigae, and a tuft of the same colour at the base : abdomen with the back cinereous^ the sides alter- nately banded with bright rose colour and black. Caterpillar feeds on the Spanish potato f Convolvulus batatas J. Again, we have a transatlantic species, which has been captured at large no less than four times in England : the first was taken about fifty years since near London, and carried alive to the late Mr. Drury: and in September, 1826, a fine and beautiful specimen was taken in a nursery ground near the Kent Road : Mr. Newman has a third ; and I possess a fourth, which were also captured near London, several years since : but doubtless all these were im- ported. It is the Sp. Convolvuli of Smith and Abbot. SrHINCIDf.. — SPHINX. 151 Holboni. 1 have seen many which were tuiiiid at llichmoii(l and near Teddington ; and. I possess a remarkably fine example of the pupa, which was taken in the hirva state near l^ilham, " Three specimens caught near Cambridge, in Septend)er, 1827." — Rcx\ L. Jcnfjns. '• Taken in September, 1821, near Carlisle." — T. C. Heijsliain, Esq. " Near Darlington and Newcastle." — M/-. ./. O. Backhouse. " Near York." — IV. C. Hczcutson, Esq. " At Fulham." — C J. Thojupscni, Esq. " A few specimens have been met with near Newcastle." — G. IVailes, Esq. Sp. 5. Ligustri. Alls anticis grisescentibus,fusco uigroque iincii.i, posticis roseis, fasciis tribus nigris, ahdomine rubro-purpureo cingulis nigris, dorso cincrco inferni/itis.—{E\p. alar. --'"-- ^^^^^^^^ specimens, and the species themselves so glaringly confounded, although cdmUed of the largest and most conspicuous Lcpidoptera, imperunisly demand the abandonment of the vicious practice i. toto. But as it is essential to obtain such foreign specimen, for the sake of illustration, let them uo, b. 124. HAUSTELLATA. — LF.PIDOPTEKA. terminating in two slender hairs : palpi contiguous above the viaxilla, which are rather elongated: head moderate subovate: wings entire, the posterior slightly produced at the anal angle : bodi/ very acute, with a small tuft at the apex. Caterpillar various ; head small; body smooth, with lateral spots, ge- nerally of lively colours ; the anterior segments incapable of being withtlrawn or expanded : or, without lateral spots, colours dull, the anterior portion of the body capable of elongation, and with lateral ocelli : pupa smooth, sheath of the maxilliE not exerted ; changes in a loose leafy cell on the ground ; or subterranean. Deilephila at first sight offers many points of resemblance to Sphinx; but the species are usually much smaller, the abdomen shorter and more suddenly attenuated, the maxillse abbreviated, and the antennie more distinctly elavate, and terminating in a naked subulated appendage : they differ amongst each other in the form of their wings, &c. ; but those discrepancies are constant with the difference in the structure of the larvse, and in the habits of the pupa. I shall therefore subdivide them into two sections, corre- sponding with their diversities of habit and structure : the larv£e of the second division have the power of elongating or contracting the anterior portions of their body; thence called Elephant Sphinxes; a term which has been applied to all the species, though improperly. A. Anterior wings not subfalcate, hinder margin rounded towards the apex : abdomen transversely banded : antennse distinctly elavate. Larva macidated ; anterior segments not retractile: caudal horn rugose: pupa superficially buried. Sp. 1. Euphorbiae. Alis anticis virescentibus, vittd lata livida, maculdque disci virescente, posticis 7iigris, fascia viargineque exteriori rubris, antennis niveis. (Exp. alar. $ 2 unc. 10 lin. : 2 3 unc. 1 hn.) Sph. EuphorbiiE. Liunc. — De. Euphorbiae. Curtis, i. pi. 3. — Steph. Catal. Anterior wings greenish , with a broad, irregular, livid, or rosy longitudinal streak, reaching obliquely from the thinner edge to the apex, and the hinder margin also irregularly bordered with dusky-rosy; the disc with a greenish spot, and the base with a white one ; posterior wings rosy-red, with the base and a fascia near the hinder margin black ; a spot towards the inner edge, and the cilia white : head and thorax greenish-brown, with a lateral white stripe ; the latter commingled with the rest of the collection, but placed by themselves, with their proper locality attached, in a distinct receptacle; and thus confusion will be avoided, the cause of science will remain uninjured, the collection itself will become more valuable and classical ; and, when " the flow of time " occasions it to fall into other hands, the student will not be perplexed nor led into error should he detect any extraordinary species therein. SPHINGID.E. DEILEPHILA. 125 with two oblique pale central ones, united anteriorly on the disc with each other, and posteriorly with the lateral stripe : abdomen above greenish-brown • the margins of the segments white on the sides ; the two first with deep black spots : antennic white. The colour of the wings varies much ; in some specimens the rosy tint is remark- ably vivid and powerful, in others it is somewhat obscure : the marginal fascia on the posterior wings also varies, it is sometimes entire, at others deeply in- dented on each side ; and occasionally very narrow or very broad. Caterpillar at first deep black; it afterwards becomes spotted with red; and in its last skin it is black, with slightly elevated whitish points ; with the head, a dorsal line, the base of the tail, a large spot upon each segment beneath the stigmata, and the prolegs bright red ; each segment has also a large circular creajn-coloured spot, and a lesser one near the stigmata ; the tip of the horn and the true legs are black : it feeds upon various kinds of spurge ( Euphorhia). The chrysahs is of a light ochraceous-brown, with the wing-sheaths rather lengthened. Although this beautiful insect has been known to inhabit Eng- land for a very long period, the present race of entomologists are indebted to the exertions of my friend Mr. Raddon for the major portion of the specimens which adorn their cabinets ; he having de- tected the larva in some considerable aljundancc on the sea spurge, Avhich grows in plenty on the extensive sand-hills in tlie neigh- bourhood of Barnstaple, during his residence in that part of the country : they are full-grown about the middle of September, when they retire a little beneath the surface of the sand, and effect their change into the pupa ; reappearing in their final state the following year at the beginning of June. " Three caterpillars taken near Coventry in 1827." — Mr. Mercer. Sp. 2. Galii. Plate 12. f. 2. — Alls anticis vircscentibus, vittd longitiidinali albida, posticis nigris fascid palUd/i rubro nebulaHi, antennis fuscis apicc aliiis, dorso albo punctata. (Exp. alar. 2 unc. 10 lin. — 3 unc.) Sp. Galii. Hiihner.—T>e. Galii. Steph. Catal. Anterior wings of an olive-brown, with a narrow longitudinal whitish vitta, ex- tending obliquely from the inner base nearly to its apex, its hinder edge slightly waved, the anterior a little irrcgiilar ; the hinder margin is bordered witli ashy- brown, with cilia of the same colour; the base has a white spot witli an ad- joining black one, bordered again with white, as in De. Euphorbite, and in the centre of the disc is a small patch of elongate whitish hairs : the posterior wings are black at the base, and have a fascia of the same colour near the hinder margin, placed upon a pale or reddish ground, with deeper clouds of the latter colour ; the fringe is pale : the head and diorax are ohve-brown, margined laterally with white: the abdomen also olive-brown, with a dorsal 126 HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPTERA. row of minute white dots, and several large spots of the same on its sides, with two black ones at the base : antennae brown, with the tip white. Caterpillar olive-green with a yellowish dorsal line, and on each segment, on both sides, a large pear-shaped spot of light yellow edged with black ; the stigmata are also yellow bordered with black, and below them is a yellowish Une : the legs are black, the prolegs and tail of a rosy hue : it feeds on the yellow lady's bedstraw f Galium verumj, wild madder (Galium niol/ugoj, and dyer's madder (Rubia tinctoriumj. The chrysahs is dark brown. De. Galii has been occasionally found in the neighbourhood of London. About twelve years since I saw a living specimen, which was taken in the beginning of June on some palings in the City- road, and a second was detected near the same spot a year or tw^o back. M. Harris once found the caterpillar at Barnscray, near Crayford, Kent, but mistook it for that of De. Euphorbise, not being aware of the existence of De. Galii. It has several times occurred in the west of England. " Near Penzance in Cornwall, and Kings- bridge, Devonshire." — Dr. Leach. Sp. 3. hneata. Plate 12. f. 1. — Alis anticis virescentihus, fascia hngitudinuli subundulatd, striisque obliquis albidis, posticis nigris fascid lata rubra nebulosu. (Exp. alar. 3 unc. 3 hn.) Sp. lineata. Fabricius. — De. lineata. Steph. Catal. This species bears some resemblance to the last, upon a transient view; but its distinction is sufficiently evident: the anterior wings are pale olive-brown, with a narrow slightly-undulated ochraceous longitudinal vitta placed ob- liquely from the inner margin to the apex, intersected obliquely with a series of whitish hues following the direction of the nervures, and a subtriangular Sp. 4. Daucus. Alis anticis fusco-cinereis, fasci ft longitudinali rectfi ochraced, striisque obliqnis albis, posticis nigris fascia angustd rubrd. (Exp. alar. $ 2 unc. 5 lin. : $ 2 unc. 9 lin.) Sp. Daucus. Cramer. — De. Daucus. Stepli. Catal. — Sp. lineata. Don, vi. pi. 204.. f. 1. Allied to, and hitherto confounded by English writers (except Dr. Leach, who noticed the fact in the Edinburgh Encyclopedia) with the preceding insect, but very distinct therefrom : the anterior wings are plain cinereous brown, with a longitudinal straight ochraceous streak reaching nearly from the inner base to the apex, which is obliquely cut by several slender white lines on the nervures ; on the disc is a small whitish dot ; the hinder margin is of an ashy- gray: the posterior wings black, the base and a broad hinder margin being of that colour, with a narrow uniformly-coloured red central fascia: head and thorax ashy-brown, with a white lateral line on each side ; the latter with four other longitudinal white lines on its (Use, the two inner with an abbreviated iimj ill. sPHiNGiD.i:. — nr:iLF.pnii.A. 127 whiter spot on the disc ; the hinder margin is ash-coloured ; the cilia pale ashy. brown: the posterior wings are black at the base, with the rest of the wing pale clouded rosy, and having a narrow black band near the hinder margin ; the cilia whitish : the head and thorax are olive-brown, margined laterally with white ; the latter with two dorsal lines of the same colour : abdomen pale olive-brown, with a longitudinal row of white spots, bordered with black on the back, and another on each side of a larger size, diminishing to the apex, and with a row of black spots in the middle: antenna: brown, with the tip white. Caterpillar above pale olive-green, beneath pure white; a dorsal line, the tail, two large circular spots on both sides of each segment, and the head rose-co- loured ; on each side is a longitudinal yellowish line, and on each segment on both sides a black dot above the upper rosy one : it feeds also on the yellow lady's bedstraw and on the vine. The chrysalis is of a rosy-brown. Do. liiieata is uiiqnestionahly rare in England, and few collectors can boast the possession of specimens : it lias liowever been cap- tnred in distant parts : the Rev. T. Skrimshire possesses a specimen which I believe was caught in Norfolk, and INIr. Dale hiis one which he obtained from Dr. Abbott's cabinet, also found eastward ; in June, 1824, a beautiful and perfect specimen was taken off the mast of the Ramsgate steam-vessel at Billingsgate, and last year a wasted one was found near Bethnal-grecn : in addition to the above, three specimens were formerly taken near Kingsbridge in Devonshire, one of which I possess through the kindness of Dr. Leach, and have caused the accompanying figure to be taken therefrom. The above are the only indigenous examples I have seen ; all the remainder which are placed in collections for this species l)eing De. Daucus, hereunder described. one placed anteriorly between them, and uniting them, as it were, to the head : abdomen reddish-brown, with a strong white dorsal line, bordered on each side with black spots ; the sides each with an alternate series of large black and white spots, diminishing in size to the apex. De. Daucus is a native of North America, and I have seen about eight specimens in the various English collections which have j)assed beneath my notice ; but of these the history of one alone has come to my knowledge, and that I under- stand was taken near Lynn in Norfolk; the rest have probably been intro- duced in lieu ofDe. lineata, which was formerly known to inhabit Cornwall: a pair in my collection are reputed to have been found in Kngland ; I believe Mr. Haworth has another; and two were obtained by Mr. \'igors from the cabinet of Mr. Wilkin. " The Sphinx Hneata of Donovan, which is said to be a doubtful inhabitant of England, was caught near Sunderland in June, 1823."— iVr. J. O. Backhouse. 128 HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPTERA. B. Anterior wings very acute, subfalcate, the hinder margin having an emargi- nation towards the apex : abdomen longitudinally striated : antenna obscurely clavate. Larvae not spotted, some of the anterior segments with a single large ocellus on each, and retractile ; caudal horn smooth, sometimes nearly obli- terated : pupa enclosed in a coccoon of leaves on the ground. Sp. 5. Celerio. Alis anticis griseis, strigis albis nigrisque, fascia argenteu nitente, posticis fuscis basi inaculisque sex ruhris. (Exp. alar. $ 2 unc. 10 lin. : $ 3 unc. 1 lin.) Sp. Celerio. Linne. — Harris' English Insects, pi. 28. f. 1. — De. Celerio. Steph. Catal. Anterior wings griseous with black lines, and an incurved whitish streak from the apex, almost to the base of the thinner margin ; the anterior edge wliite, bordered with black; between this and the posterior margin is a second white streak acutely bent towards the former at the anal angle, where there is a blackish spot ; the margin of the wing is pale griseous, and on the disc is a black spot edged with ochraceous : posterior wings brown, with the base and six marginal spots rosy ; the hinder margin pale griseous : head cinereous, with two whitish-ash streaks, in which the antennae are inserted, from the palpi, passing over the eyes, to the base of the wings : thorax deep cinereous, with a whitish-ash streak on each side, and another of a rich golden-yellow : abdomen gray-brown, with a silvery- white continuous dorsal line, and a streak of spots on each side. Caterpillar brown, with a series of lunules passing over the stigmata on each side, and a lateral line terminating at the tail, yellowish ; the fourth and fifth segments with a large ocellus, having a black pupil and yellowish iris : it feeds on the common vine ( Vitis vinijera). The chrysalis is reddish-brown, with the head and wing-cases dusky. The admission of this insect into the British Fauna has been the subject of dispute with many persons, and its indigenous origin is still questionable, as the only pabulum which has been hitherto observed to aiford sustenance to the larvae is the common vine, which is not an aboriginal native of this country : nevertheless, I think it probable that it may subsist upon other plants, as M^e find that many species which were formerly supposed to devour one plant alone are now known to feed upon several. The first recorded specimen of the perfect insect was taken flying in Bunhill-fields burying-ground, so long ago as July, 1779 ; and the specimen now exists in a high state of preservation in Mr. Haworth's collection, having been purchased by him at the dispersion of that of Mr. Francillon. Subsequently to the above capture the larvse have been found several times in Cambridgeshire — first, by Mr. F. Skrimshire, near Wisbeach, and afterwards by a friend of the Rev. L. Jenyns, in the Isle of Ely : two or three were also taken about Sl'HINGlD.K. DF.ILF.PHILA. 129 fifteen or sixteen years since in a garden at Norwich, and were kept until they changed to pupie ; but unfortunately, in that state, their metamorphosis ended : one of these pupae I have in my col- lection. Of late, however, the perfect insect has occurred more than once, and in a totally different part of the country: three specimens, as I am informed by the Rev. F. W. Hope, were taken near Oxford several years ago. In August, 1826, an injured one was found resting on a wall near Birmingham ; and last summer a second was secured not far distant from the same locality ; the latter I have in my possession. Again, Mr. Marshall informed me in March last, that, in his way through Manchester, he met with an individual who possessed upwards of a dozen living pupje, which were procured from larvae found in that neighbourhood during last season. How far the above facts may induce a belief that the insect is truly indigenous, I shall leave to the judgment and discrimination of those who are far better qualified to judge of the geographical distribution of insects in general than myself, merely observing that the species in question inhabits various parts of the south of Europe, and that, by admitting it into our Fauna, no very erroneous conclusions are likely to result therefrom, in an attempt to investi- gate the natural distribution of the Sphingidae ; which must be the case, to the detriment of science, when such transatlantic species as Sp. Druraei, &c. are thrown into the scale as natural productions of this our " favoured island." The mere circumstance of spe- cimens of such insects as those above alluded to having been caught at large, either in the perfect or previous states, is no argu- ment in favour of their being indigenous, to a commercial country at least : and the naturalist, who regards the knowledge of truth as superior to the false pride which generally fills the breast of the mere collector, whose utmost ambition is gratified by the sole possession of objects that others cannot obtain, will pause ere he swell the list of the productions of any given locality with crea- tures which have been ])robably introduced by the aid of com- merce *. Such productions it is, in fact, highly essential should be * Amongst nearly fifty species of Ironical and fruiisutlantic insects, which have been taken at large in the ^\'est In.lia Docks, by Messrs. Beck, may bo instanced three specimens of the huge Mypale avi-vdaria ; one of wliich must have existed nearly a year in this country, as the pUe of :x»uth American wood Haustei.lata. Vol. I. 30th Jinf. IS2H. .s 130 HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPl'ERA. regarded wltli suspicion, and their true locality, if possible, pointed out; otherwise we must continue in wilful ignorance to the end of time, and truths that might shine forth as brilliantly as the orb of day will be for ever shrouded in the obscurity of impenetrable darkness. An earnest desire to give the insects of this country free from such admixture has induced me to express my doubts upon the origin of particular species by placing them in a note, when I had not oral or other testimony for admitting them into the body of the page ; and even in the latter cases to give my suspicions when there has been cause for doubt ; and I may here observe, that as the descriptions of the insects herein are all corrected and compared with the objects t Sp. 6. argentata. Alls anticis griseis immaculatis, strigd rectCi ohliijuCi alhidd strigisque ohsoldoribus fuscis, posticis fascis ad angulum ani fascia pallidd. (Exp. alar. 2 unc. 10 lin.) Sp. argentata. Haivorth. — De. argentata. Steph. Catal. Somewhat allied to the last : anterior wings plain griseous, with an ohlique^ straight whitish streak from the apex to nearly the base of the thinner margin^ accompanied anteriorly with two dusky streaks, and posteriorly with about four more obsolete ones of the same colour, the hinder margin itself slightly rosy ; the disc with a single black spot : posterior wings brown, rather deepest at the base, with a pale ochraceous streak towards the anal angle, which is still paler: head as inDe. Celerio: thorax slightly olivaceous, with a faint dorsal, and a whitish-ash lateral line, and a pale luteous one between, on each side; abdomen with a broad faint dorsal silvery-white streak, and an obsolete golden one on each side. Dr. Leach also obtained a specimen of this insect, which is in all probabiUty syno- nimous with the Sph. Celaeno of Esper, from Dr. Lettsom's cabinet, and a second was obtained by myself from an old collection which was broken up about fifteen years since ; but I am decidedly of opinion that neither of them have any claim to be considered natives of Britain. in which it was found had been unshipped and packed about eleven months ! yet it cannot be considered indigenous, any more than the Blattce giganteu, Americana, Madera, orientalis, &c., which occur in Britain (the latter espe- cially, abounding in the lower apartments of most houses throughout the metropolis). The Prionus accentifer, OHv., (Acrocinus, Illig.) I have seen at large more than once, and various other exotic species, such as Callidia fulmi- r.ans et fascial um. Lamia dentator, Stenachori v- tkrum salicarioc), common vine (Vitis vinifera), &c. The pnpa is dull griseous, posteriorly brown, with the stigmata obscure. The most abundant species of the Sphingidse in the south of Eng- land : the larva occurring chiefly in damp and marshy situations, particularly near Hackney and Battersea; also in the neigliI)our- hood of Hertford and Ripley; but the imago usually frequenting gardens towards the end of June. " Frequent in Devonshire." — Dr. Leach. " Far from uncommon at Netley, Salop." — Rev. F. IV. Hope. " Very common in the ^dnged state everywhere in Cam- bridgeshire." — Rev. L. Jenyns. " Near York, not common.'" — W. C. Hi'zc'Uso7i, Esq. " A single specimen taken near Newcastle." — G. Wailes, Esq. Sp. 8. Porcellus. Alis anticisjlavescentl piirpiircoquc lariis, jMsticis ban' Juscis, fascia Jlavescentc inargineijue purpvrco, abiloiiiiin- sitbtus ulho puiiclatu. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 10 lin. — 2 unc. 1 lin.) Sp. Porcellus. Li/uu'.—Don, ix. /nsficis fcrrugineis, abdominis laferihus alho nigroque variis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 9 lin. — 2 unc.) Sp. Stellatarum. Linnc. — Don, vii. ;>/. 155. — Ma. Stellatarum. Steph. Catal. The anterior wings dusky or dusky-brown, with several obsolete and two waved transverse and black striga;, and a central black spot, generally with a pale cincture: posterior rusty-tawny, with the base and hinder margin dusky ; the latter tinted with rusty : the fringe tawny, dusky at the base : head, antenna-, thorax, and abdomen, above, dusky brown ; the latter varied with black ami white at the sides, with a black anal tuft. Caterpillar green, speckled with white, with a whitish or yellowish lateral line from the head to the caudal horn, and below this a pale yellow one : the anterior legs deep yellow : the horn blue at the base, reddish-yellow at the tip: previously to changing, it assumes a dark hue, and the lateral line becomes purplish. It feeds on the various kinds of bedstraw (Galitnn, j)arti- cularly the Ga. verum et aparine), and also on the dyer's weed ( Rubia iinc- torium). The chrysalis is of a pale brown, with the wing-cases darker : its form is peculiar, the head-case being rounded, and the middle swollen. Of tills insect my friend Mr, Haworth says, '' Tliis interesting species, in the winged state, frequents gardens; flying, i" sunny weather, between the hours of ten and twelve in the morning, and those of two and four in the afternoon. Its food is the neetiireous juice of tube-bearing flowers ; this it extracts with amazing address, by the assistance of its exserted spiral tongue, inimitiibly poising itself all the while on rapidly vibrating wings; whence its name oi 134 HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPTERA. Humming-bird." It is far from uncommon, and in some places it abounds. During two sliort visits at Dover, in August, 1818 aud 1819, I observed it in great abundance in the winged state, and in June of the latter year, accompanied by the late Mr. Blunt, we found the larvse in profusion beneath the cliffs : I have also taken the insect plentifully at Hertford, and occasionally at Ripley. There are usually three broods in the year, appearing respectively at the end of April, June, and August; some of the latter have been Iviiown to hybernate. " Common near Ely, Bottisham, &c." — Rev. L. Jcnyns. " Not very common near York ; but more abundant near Newcastle on Tyne. — W. C. Hexoitson, Esq. " Common round Newcastle,"" — G. Wailes, Esq. " Kimpton, Hants ; and banks of the Tees, Yorkshire;'— i?£;t'. G. T. Rudd. Genus XXVHI. — Sesia, Fahncius. AntcnncB thickening from tlie base nearly to the apex, and from thence to the tip, becoming slender, terminated by an oblique seta : ;'a/y>/ contiguous abo\ e the maxillae, very short, concealed by being densely clothed with hairy scales : jnaxiihe very long : hodi/ somewhat ovate, thickly clothed with hair, tlie apex with a tuft: wings with the disc entirely transparent ; the margins, and some- times the transverse nervure, clothed Avith scales, and opaque. Larva elon- gate, rather attenuated in front ; caudal horn curved ; pupa shghtly elongate. Sesia differs from Macroglossa in the transparency of the disc of its wings, and in having the body rather short, ovate, and thickly clothed with long hair, as well as by the form of the antennae, and several minor characters. They frequent woods and meadows by the sides of plantations. Sp. 1. Fuciformis. Olivaceo-fulva,abdominefuho, fascia nigrft, aIa?'U7)i margine angusto fnsco. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 8 — 9 lin.) Sp. Fuciformis. Liniw. — Se. Fuciformis. Steph. Catal.—Se. Bombyliformis.' Curtis, i. pL 40. Tawny-olive ; abdomen with the third and fourth segments black, more or less clouded with fulvous, the two following orange-tawny, whitish at the sides, the caudal tuft black, with the centre orange : body beneath pale yellow, with a band on the abdomen anteriorly, the tuft, apex of the tibiae, and the tarsi black : the latter brownish in the female : wings iridescent, the anterior with the costa, hinder margin, and the inner margin, especially at the base, clothed with brown scales; posterior with the inner angle, and a very narrow margin, also clothed with the same : antennx- cyaneous. Caterpillar spinous when young; afterwards smooth, and varying much ; usually green, with a jialer lateral line, and a waved purplish one above, terminating SF.SIID.K. — SF.SIA. 13'> ;it llio base of t lie tail, which is of the same colour; hciualh the former are several oblique purplish streaks placed over the sti|^mata: it fcvils on the devil's-bit scabious ( Scahiosa succim). The chrysalis is brown. This is decidedly the rarest species of the gcmis near l.oii(U)ii ; though near Enborne, in Berkshire, I was informed by Mr. Dale, that he formerly captured it in great plenty, at the end of May and beginning of June. It is probably a native of Cambridgeshire. " 1 am almost certiiin it appears in certain seasons in the fens about the middle of May : Professor Henslow saw several specimens this year in Horningsea-fen, and last year I also noticed one or two at Wood Ditton; but neither of us have succeeded in capturing a single specimen : its food, the scabious, abounds in the fens." — Rev. L. Jemjns. " New Forest, Hants, in May last." — Mr. Weaver. Sp. 2. Bombyliformis. Vir'uli-jlavn, abdomine vii-idi Jlavo, fascia marfrinaiuc Jalo alarum atro-purpurasccntihus. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. H — 10 lin.) Sp. IJombyliformis. Ochsenhcinier. — Steph. Catal. — Sp. Fuciformis. Dun, iii. pi. 87. Greenish-yellow, the third and fourth segments of the abdomen crimson-purple, more or less clouded with black, especially on the sides, the two following orange-yellow, with the sides yellow ; the caudal tuft black, with a yellowish centre : body beneath pale yellow, with a reddish-brown transverse band on the abdomen anteriorly, clouded with black in the male, and the caudal tuft Sp. 3. Cimbiciformis. Rubro-Jlava, abdomine rubro-fuho fascia purpurea, alarum fascia marginequc fato rubra purpureis. (Exp. alar. 2 unc. — 2 unc 2 lin.) Se. Cimbiciformis mihi. — Stcph. Catal. Ilcddish-yellow ; abdomen with the third and fourth segments purplish-red, the two following yellowish-red, with a whitish spot on each side ; the caudal tuft black, with its centre and sides reddish ; beneath, the head, thorax, anterior and intermediate legs and base of the posterior, yellowish ; the abilomcn and hinder tarsi reddish : wings iridescent; anterior, with tlie costa, base, discoidal spot, and margin clothed with purplish-red scales ; the base and margins of the posterior the same : beneath, the margins of all the wings lu-e of a bright orange or rusty-purple. Upon the dispersion of Mr. Plastead's collection I obtained a fine pair of this species therefrom; but as it is indigenous to North America, I conceive that the ends of science will be more advantageously benefited by the simple indi- cation of the fact, than by giving the insect as an inhabitant of this country, which the mere detection of specimens in a collection does not warrant ; but. on the contrary, as this insect was considered by Mr. Tlastead as the Sp. Fusi- formis, it is evident that he did not scruple to admit /;./•< /y/t specimens into his cabinet. 136 HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPTERA. of a dusky or reddish-black ; the posterior tarsi and tips of the others dusky : wings iridescent^ the anterior with the costa, hinder margin, and discoidal spot clothed with purplish-brown scales, the base and part of the costa green- ish-yellow : posterior wings similar, but the hinder margin narrower and no discoidal spot ; beneath, all the wings have a lighter-coloured margin, and the base and costa of the anterior are of a pale ochraceous-yellow : the antenna; are black, tinged with cyaneous. Caterpillar green, with a yellowish dorsal and lateral line ; some reddish spots on the sides ; the legs violet ; horn reddish-brown with an orange tip : it feeds on the honeysuckle (Lonicera Periclimenum) and bedstraw (Galium), &c.; but not on the wood of willows, as erroneously stated by some writers. The pupa is dusky-brown with reddish spots. I have repeatedly seen and occasionally captured this insect to- wards the end of May at Coombe and Darenth woods, particularly the former, where I have observed it, hovering over the blossoms of the harebell (Scilla nutans)^ abundantly : it also occurs sometimes on Epping-forest. " Rather plentiful during last summer near York."" — W. C. Hewitson, Esq. " At Littleton-copse near Kimp- ionr—Rev. G. T. Rudd. Family IV.— ^GERIIDtE. Antennas fusiform, a Uttle curved, ciliated in the males, the apex terminating in a plume of scales: ocelli two, minute, placed between the antennne and the base of the thorax : palpi elongate, thickly clothed with scales and long hairs, the last joint elongate: abdomen cyUndric, tufted at the apex: «'i«g-j hori- zontally displayed, generally naked, with the tips above opaque. Larva sub- cylindric, hirsute, tail-less : pupa elongate, with a row of spines on each seg- ment; changes in the interior of plants. The insects of this family are generally of small size, and are at once distinguished from the other Crepuscularia (except Sesia) by the transparency of their wings ; but from all they may be known by that character added to the slender curved antennae, and by the possession of stemmata or ocelli. They fly by day ; their larvae are pale and fleshy; reside beneath the bark, pith, or internal substances of various trees ; and generally reach their final state in one year, though, according to Esper, Trochilium apiformis is several seasons in attaining perfection. The two following genera occur in Britain : 1/ • 7/ ' / hrcvissiuite : a«^e««a? abbreviata: . ■ 29. Trochilium. \dongatic: antennas lon^ioxc^: ■ • ■ 30. -^gekia. tGF.iiiii) t. — ritoi Hii.ii M. 137 Genus XXIX. — Tro( iihhm, Sinpoli. Antennae short, more or less serrated, especially in the males, stout, gradually incrassated nearly to the apex, which is curved, acuminated, and terminates in a hairy tuft: palpi moderately long, parallel, suddenly recurved, the base very hairy, the apex scaly and attenuated : head small : dypeus densely clothed with elongate hairs: fhnmx and abdomen stout, the latter with a very small tuft at its apex : wings with the tips not clothed transversely with scales. Notwithstanding the great resemblance between this genus and the following, their characters are sufficiently distinct to warrant their separation : the present genus is composed of much larger insects than yEgeria, and they are distinguished by their remarkably short tongue; short, incrassated, and slightly serrated antennae: robust body ; small head, with a hairy crest ; and by the transjiarencv of the apex of the anterior wings. They also differ in habit, the in- sects of the present genus being very sluggish, usually remaining quietly at rest on trunks, and when urged to flight, flying very heavily ; thus and by their abbreviated maxilla? approaching in habit to the Bombycidse : whence 1 presume the genus would more naturally follow than precede ^^geria, though I have not ventured to adopt that arrangement. Sp. 1. Apiformis. Capite JIavo, thorace nigro viaculis quatuor flavi.i, ubJomine flavo cingulis diiabus nigris. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 7 — 10 lin.) Sp. Apiformis. Linn'. — Don. i. ph 25. — Tr. Apiformis. Steph. Catal. Head yellow ; a white line before, and a yellow one behind, the eyes : palpi vellow, dull at the tip: antcnme above dusky-black, beneath ferruginous: thorax dusky-black, with two large trigonate lateral spots anteriorly, and two smaller ones posteriorly : abdomen yellow, with the first and fourth segments dusky-black, the remainder with the margins above black, the fifth and two hinder dusky on the back, with a lateral brownish line: femora outwardly yellow, inwardly dusky-black : tibiae rich tawny-orange; tarsi paler: anterior wings sprinkled with brownish, the base with a yellow spot, the nervures, margins, and a transverse band rusty-brown ; beneath with the band and margins paler; the anterior yellowish at the base: posterior also sprinkled with brownish, with the margins and nervures brown, beneath concolorous. with the anterior margin fulvous; all the fringe tawny-brown. Male less, the abdomen more slender, the tuft more distinct: the antcnmr .slightly ser- rated internally. Caterpillar whitish, with an obscure dorsal line; head large, 1 rown: it fe.xU in the trunks and the roots of the poplar ( Popuhs niger), and asptn ( Pojndns tremula). Chrysalis elongate, brown. Hai'stfii ATA. Noi.. I. 30iji Jl'm:. IS'^S. r 138 HAUSTELl.ATA. l.EPI UdPTF.RA. This insect occurs iu various parts of tiie country, but nowhere in greater abundance than on Epping-forest, near Wanstead, where it may be readily obtained by diligently searching, towards the end of June, the trunks of the fine aspen trees, which form so conspicuous an object on that part of the forest. I have also frequently met with the insect at Coombe-wood. Sp. 2. Crabroniformis. Capite atro, thorace maculis duabus ferrugineus, coUari Jlavo, abdoviine Jlavo cingulis duabus atria. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 6 — 8 lin.) Sp. Crabroniformis. Lewin. (Linnean Transactions), iii. pi. 3. f. 6 — 10. — Tr. Crabroniformis. Steph. Cdtal. Head brown ; a white streak before the eyes : palpi fulvous yellow, with a few black hairs at the base externally : antennae black, fulvescent at the base be- neath : thorax glossy brown, with a narrow yellow collar anteriorly, and a dull yellowish spot posteriorly on each side : abdomen yellow, with the first, second, and fourth segments, and a broad margin to the third, black; the sides of the fourth with a yellow patch : femora dusky-brown, glossy : tibia? rich fulvous, spotted with yellow beneath : tarsi fulvous : wings above, with the nervures and m.argins ferruginous^ and a narrow abbreviated transverse band of the same colour on the anterior ; beneath rather fulvescent : cilia brownish. Male smaller and more slender, the abdomen of a deeper colour, and the antennae serrated internally. This varies considerably in colour, arising from the width of the black margins of the abdominal segments. Caterpillar whitish, with a brown spot on several segments near the legs : it feeds under the bark of the sallow fSalix caprea). Not very common, and rather later in the time of its appearance than the foregoing. I have only met with it occasionally at Darenth- wood in the beginning of July ; though during that month, in 1817. I saw it in profusion flying heavily along, on the south-west border of the wood. " A single pair taken near Newcastle." G. Wailes, Esq. Genus XXX. — ^geuia, Fabncins. Antenna: long, slender, gradually increasing in size nearly to the apex, which is slightly curved and acuminated ; in the males they are slightly ciliated, sub- serrated, or pectinated : palpi longer than the head, divaricating, gradually reflexed, thickly clothed beneath with scales and long hair; the terminal joint somewhat naked and acuminated : head moderate : clypeus densely clothed with flat scales: thorax and abdomen rather slender, the latter with a large tri- lobed tuft, variable in form at its apex : luiiigs transversely covered with scales at the tip. vEGKKIlD.T,. — .i;(;EItIA. 139 ^geria differs from all the foregoing insocts hy the union of its transparent wings, slender antennte and hody ; and partic-idariy from Trocliilium by the latter characters, added to the elongation of its rnaxilUe, comparatively larger head, di^ aricating palpi, scaly clypeus, and clothed apex to the wings; in manners they are essen- tially different, the imago being remarkably vivacions and active, being per])etnally in motion, and flying with the greatest rapidity, alighting upon flowers, from which they derive their nourishment, or basking upon leaves in the blaze of the sun, and continually moving some part of their bodies. As in most genera of any extent, there is considerable diversity of appearance in the contents of this: I shall therefore divide it into sections. A. Antennic much shorter than the body : of the males distinctly pectinated : anterior wings nearly clothed with scales: abdomen robust. Sp. 1. Asiliformis. A/is anticis J'uscis, posiicis hi/alinis, ulnhnninc nigra cingulis tribusflavis, antennis nigris. (Exp. alar. 11 lin. — 1 unc. 3 lin.) Le. Asiliformis. Fubricius. — Sp. Asiliformis. Dun. xi. j>l. 381-.— iEg. Asili- formis. Sieph. Catal. Bluish-black: head with a white spot before the eyes; collar yellow: palpi with the base black, the apex yellow : antenna' cyaneous, beneath fulvous at the base: male with the tip reddish : thorax with a spot at the base of the wings, and a line on each side, yellow : abdomen glossy, with three yellow belts above yellow ; caudal tuft black, with two longitudinal yellow streaks: femora black, the posterior yellow at the base : tibia; yellow, with a black spot externally : tarsi fulvous : anterior wings above fuscous, with the ni.Tvurcs and costa bluish ; beneath pale tawny, with an indistinct central tawny lunule; posterior trans- parent, with a discoidal lunule; the nervures and margin fuscous: fringe of all the wings ashy-brown. IVIaJe differs in having the antenna; very strongly pectinated nearly to the apex, the abdomen with four yellow belts, and in being considerably smaller. Occasionally taken on })oplars near London in June. I have ob- tained it from the neighbourhood of IJexiey and from Birch-wood; but it is doubtless a rare species, and exists in i'cw collections: of the male I have hitherto seen but two specimens, one of which I possess, " Colney-hatch ^^'ood, an Umbcllifera*, 8th July last."— Mr. higpen. B. Antenna; as long as the body; of ,tlic males generally ciliated: anterior wings with the disc hyaline. a. Abdomen more or less robust ami (Mrcvialal,Jascialal uit/i whitish or ;/fllou. 140 HALSTIILLATA. I.FPIDOPTERA. + Sp. 2. Spheciformis. Plate 11. f. 1. Alis hyalinis, anticarum marginibus fasci'(que nigro-violaceis, abdomine nigra, cingulu albido, antennis ante apicem Jlavescentibus. (Exp. alar. 1 uiic.) Sp. Spheciformis. Villars. — Mg. Spheciformis. Steph. Catal. Blue-black : palpi above black, beneath yellow ; tip dusky : antennse bluish- black, with a yellomsh space near the apex : thorax with a lateral and longi- tudinal yellow line: abdomen glossy; above with a basal spot and the apex of the third segment whitish-yellow, beneath with a basal spot and the margin of the fifth segment yellow : caudal tuft bluish-black : femora blue-black, with the anterior yellow outwardly at the base : tibise with luteous spines ; the hinder internally yellowish : the tarsi yellowish spotted with black : an- terior wings above with the nervures, apex, margin, and a transverse discoidal line blue-black ; beneath with the margin yellowish, and a yellow spot on the outer edge of the transverse band ; posterior with the nervures, hinder margin, and anterior discoidal lunule blue-black; beneath with the nervures fulvous: fringe rosy-brown. Male with the antenns slightly serrate. Larva said by Oehlmann to feed on the birch (Betula alba.) Decidedly a rare insect, of which I have seen five indigenous specimens only: tlie first was caught very many years ago, and is in the collection of Mr. Latham ; afterwards two (a pair) were found in the woods of Southgate, and are, respectively, one in the British Museum, the other in Mr, Vigors's cabinet. Mr. Ingpen has also a specimen, which was taken in a wood to the north of London ; and the fifth was taken in the Isle of Wight, by Mr. Weaver, in July, 1826, and is in Mr. Stone's cabinet. Sp. 3. Ichneumoniformis. Alis hyalinis, anticarum marginibus Juscidque extus croced fuscis, abdomine nigra, segineniis viarginejlavis, antennis ante apicem fascia Jlavd. (Exp. alar. 10 — 11 lin.) Se. Ichneumoniformis. Fubricius. — ..-Eg. Ichneumoniformis. Curtis, ii. pi. 53. — Steph. Catal. Brownish-black : palpi orange, with some dusky scales on the sides : head with its hinder margin, the clypeus, a spot at the base of the wings, a lateral line on the thorax, five or six nearly equidistant bands on the abdomen, a streak at its base, and the centre and sides of the caudal tuft, yellow : legs tawny yellow : the femora black, with a yellow line on the anterior : the base of the tibia, and a spot towards the apex, black : antennae above with the base and apex dusky; the centre ochraceous, beneath ferruginous: anterior wings, with the costa, discoidal spot internally, hinder margin, and fringe, tawny-brown; outer edge of discoidal spot, apex, and inner margin of the wings, orange ; posterior wings with four nervures and the hinder margin tawny-brown ; the remaining ner%'ures and a minute triangular spot on the anterior margin orange. Male with the body more slender; the antennae slightly ciliated, and nearly all blue-black ; (he abdomen sometimes with seven rings. .EGEKllD.'E. — .i:Gi:itlA. 14,| Taken in several and very distant parts in Jiine; but rather a scarce insect : tlie first pair were obtained by the late Mr. Fran- cillon, from the west of Eiiirland ; it was afterwards found by the late Mr. Cranch in Cornwall a>ul Devonshire; and I believe it has been taken near Scarborough. " South Creak, near Fakenham." —Rev. T. Skrimshire. " At Hastings."— J. Curtis, Esq. " Several pairs in the Isle of Wight/'— i¥;-. Weaver. " Near Teignmouth, Devon." — Capt. Blomcr. t Sp. 4. Chrysidiformis. Mis anticis subh,,alinis crorcis, margine su,M-rwr, maculdqtie adjectd nigris, abdomine nigro, cingulh diiohus luteis. (E.xn alar 10 lin.) Sp. Chrysidiformis. Hiibner.—JEg. Chrysidiformis. Step/i. Cuful. Bluish-black: palpi black, with the tip pale fulvous: head black; clypeus white ; hinder margin yellowish : thorax glossy, with a few yeUow scales and a white spot at the base of the anterior wings : abdomen shining, clothed with ashy-down, with the fifth and terminal segments edged with whitish: the caudal tuft black, with its middle yellow : thighs blue-black ; the anterior outwardly white, the tibia orange, tarsi lutescent: anterior wings saffron colour, with the margins and a central spot black : with an elongate hyaline patch anterior to the last, and a round one behind: posterior hyaline, with the nervures, margins, and cilia, ashy-black ; a minute orange spot on the anterior edge: antenna above dusky-black; beneath paler, with the base white. This elegant species is nnique in Mr. Hawortlfs cabinet; he having purchased the only indigenous example out of the collection of the late Mr. Francillon, who formerly assured him that he caught the specimen in a thick grove himself. Sp. 5 Cynipiformis. Platk U. f. 2. $ .—Alis fii/ulinis, marginibtis renis(/nr fuscis, nnticaruin mdculu lunari croceft, ubdomine nigra, ciugulis tribus nut qidnque flavis ; famina barb/ijlavfi. (Exp. alar. 9 — 11 lin.) Se. Cynipiformis. Ochsenluimer. — iEg. Cynipiformis. Steph. Catal. Blue-black ; head very glossy, with a snowy spot before the eyes, the hinder margin yellow : palpi yellow, with the sides black : thorax shining, with a lateral and longitudinal yellow line : abdomen with a basal streak, three equi- distant belts, and the caudal tuft yellow; the latter sometimes with a few black hairs at the sides ; femora blue-black, the anterior outwardly yellow : tibia yellow, with a cyaneous-black ring : tarsi yellow : anterior wings above with a yellow spot at the base ; the nervures, a transverse discoidal line, and margins, brown, glossed with blue and tawny; the outer edge of the discoidal line croceous ; beneath with the apex glossed witli violet and fulvous; the margins pale-tawny ; posterior with a niinnte lunule, the nervures and margins dusky-black : antcnnjE bhic-black. with tin- ba.sal joint yellow beneath. Nfale differs in being less, having the antcnnii suhpeilinalcd iiUernally; the 142 HAUSTELLATA. LKPIDOPTERA. abdomen slightly sprinkled with yellow, the terminal belt yello\y, the caudal tuft black above, with the centre and sides yellow beneath. There is so much apparent difference in the sexes of this pretty species at a glance, that they not only seem to belong to different insects, but they have been described as such : a slight exa- mination, however, readily shows their disparity to be merely that of sex; a fact that has been incontrovertibly proved by various persons. Until within these ten years, it was esteemed a scarce species ; but it has lately occurred rather plentifully in several places : I have taken it often at Coombe and Darenth Woods, at the end of May and beginning of June. " Near Cheltenham, Gloucestershire."''' — Dr. Leach. . " In Clapham Park Wood, Bed- fordshire."" — J. C. Dale, Esq. Sp. 6. Tipuliformis. Alis hyalinis, anticis apice Jlavis, niarginibiis Jascidque nigris, abdomine nigra, segrnentis alternis margine Jlavis. (Exp. alar. 8 — 10 lin.) Sp. Tipuliformis. Linnt. — Don. ii. pi. 62, 53. — ^g. Tipuliformis. Steph. Catal. Blue-black : head black, with a white streak before the eyes, hinder margin yellow ; palpi above black, beneath yellow : thorax glossy, with a lateral and longitudinal yellow line: abdomen shining, with the margin of the third, fifth, and seventh segments, yellow, the caudal tuft immaculate blue-black : femora blue-black, the anterior with a yellow hne ; tibia^ blue-black, with yellow hairs ; the tarsi above dusky, spotted with yellow, beneath yellow : anterior wings above, with the nervures, and a broad transverse band, bluish- black, the apex rather golden ; beneath, with the costa and inner margin yel- lowish : posterior with the nervures, the margins, and minute anterior lunule, black : cilia dusky : antennae blue-black. Male less, with the antenna; slightly pectinated internally, and the terminal belt on the abdomen double. Caterpillar whitish, with the head and legs brownish, and an obscure dorsal line : it feeds upon the pith of the currant-tree (Ribes rubra J. A very common species, inhabiting gardens in most parts of the country : it appears towards the middle of June. " Rather common in gardens at York.'"'' — W. C. Hewitson, Esq. " Near Newcastle."'"' — G. Wailes, Esq. b. Abdomen slender and elongated, generally with a single red belt. Sp. 7. Mutillaeformis. Alis hyalinis, anticaruvi viarginibus fasciaque nigris, abdomine nigro, cingulo fulvo, palpis nigris, (in marej subtus albis. (Exp. alar. 8—10 lin.) Sp. Mutillseformis. Laspeyres. — iEg. Mutillaeformis. Steph. Catal. — Sp. zo- natus. Don. vi. pi. 195. Blue-black: head slsining, uilh a very narrow ailvcry btrcaiv before the eyes; /T;«F.niiD.T,. — .v,(;r.inA. 148 palpi black ; white beneath in the male : thorax glossy immaculate ; breast with a large golden spot anteriorly: abdomen glossy, the fourth segment above fulvous, beneath black, with a white margin ; caudal tuft immaculate bluish- black : femora blue-black, anterior with a whitish hne, tibia; and spines blue- black ; tarsi paler: anterior wings above, with the nervures, margins, and a broad transverse band, blue-black ; beneath, with the tip, margins, and border of the transverse band golden ; posterior, with the nervures, margins, and minute anterior lunule violet-black ; beneath, with the veins and margins golden ; cilia of all the wings blue-black. Male rather less ; abdomen elon- gated, slender, its fourth segment above fulvous; below, and towards the apex, wliite : palpi also white beneath : tarsi beneath pale brownish. Not a very Jibundant species, but the most frequent of the red- belted kinds; it is found occasionally in c^ardens near the metro- polis, at Chelsea, Highjj^ate, Hackney, Stratford, &c., and near Hertford and Ripley, in June. " Near Dublin." — A''. A. Vigors^ Esq, Sp. 8, CulicifonTiis. Pi.atk 10. f. 3. Alis hijnlhiis nnftcaritvi ynnrfrinilnis fn.tr i/iqve nigris, ahdomine nigro, cingitloj'itlvo, palpis suhtus fulvis. (Exp alar, lolin. — 1 unc.) Sp. Culiciformis. Linne. — iEg. Culiciformis. Steph. Catal. Blue-black: head with a snowy streak before the eyes: palpi above black, beneadi rich orange : thorax glossy, immaculate ; breast with a large lateral fulvous spot: abdomen shining, the fourth segment entirely fulvous, paler beneath ; the caudal tuft immaculate : femora blue-black ; tibiie the same, with pale orange spines: tarsi lutescent, with the tips dusky : anterior wings above pale fulvous at the base, with the nervures, margins, and a transverse line blue-black ; beneath with the transverse line violet-black, the margins pale fulvous ; posterior, with the nervures, margins, and costal luiude black, the anterior margin beneath pale fulvous ; fringe of all the wings dusky- black. Male differs in having the antennse internally ciliated ; the abdomen more attenuated, and in its smaller size. Caterpillar dirty-white, with the head brownish : ic feeds beneath the bark of the plum (Prunus domesticusj, and the apple-tree ( Pjirus mains). The chrysalis is brown. Not common : I have taken it occasionally at Coombc and l)a- renth-woods in June, where it has also been captured by others. " Near Dublin."— iV. A. Vigors, Esq. " At Gravesend."— ^/. //. Davis, Esq. Sp. 9. Stomoxyformis. Plate 11. f. 3. Alis nnticnrum marginibus fascidquc nigris, thoracis lineis duahus uhdomims harbafi cinguh jmnHis.juf lalerahhus J'ulvis, palpis otnnino nigris. (K\p ahir. 1 1^ lin.) ap. Stomoxyfcrnus. Il:ihner.—M^. Stomoxyformis. .SVr/.//. Catal. 144 HAUSTELLATA. LEPIDOPTERA. Blue-black : head with a slender silvery line before the eyes : palpi totally black : thorax glossy, immaculate : breast with a fulvous patch anteriorly : abdomen shining, with the fourth segment above bright fulvous-orange, interrupted by a broad dusky-black line beneath ; caudal tuft immaciilate : femora blue- black ; tibiae the same, the anterior yellowish within ; the spines black ; tarsi blue-black above, yellowish beneath: anterior wings above, with the base, costa, nervures, a broad transverse line, and the apex, deep bluish-black; beneath, with the costa at the base, the margins of the discoidal Une, and the space between the nervures at the apex (which are very broad, and dusky- blue) bright golden-fulvous; posterior, with the nervures, margin, and anterior lunule bluish-black ; beneath the same, with the costa slightly margined with fulvous. This interesting species has been hitherto unnoticed as a British insect, unless by the accidental employment of its name in the Entomological Transactions for the foregoing, which it resembles in size alone ; its other characters, as may be readily seen, both by the accompanying figures and description, being essentially distinct. Upon a re-examination of my series of ^gerise I was fortunate enough to detect amongst them a single specimen, in beautiful condition, of ^g. Stomoxyformis, which I had formerly confounded with -35g. Culiciformis ; though I am, from that circumstance, un- certain of its locality, which I presume to have been Darenth, as I am told by Mr. Chant, that he possesses a pair which he caught in that wood on the 10th July, 1825; and Mr. Davis informs me that he has a specimen which he found at Gravesend : but I have not yet seen either of their specimens. Sp. 10. Formiciformis. Plate 11. f. 4. Alls hyalinis, anticis marginibus fasciaque nigris, apicefulvo, ahdomine nigro, cingiilofiilvo, barba abdominis lateribus albidis. (Exp. alar. 8 — 10^ lin.) Sp. Formiciformis. Villars. — iEg. Formiciformis. Steph. Catal. Blue-black : head with silvery line before the eyes : palpi above black, beneath fulvous, antennse black: thorax and breast shining, immaculate; abdomen glossy, the fourth segment entirely bright fulvous, the following with a few fulvous scales; the caudal tuft blue-black, with a narrow longitudinal white streak on each side : thighs blue-black ; tibiae yellowish, with a black ring, and yellowish white spines ; tarsi blue-black, with a few yellowish hairs internally : anterior wings with the tip bright fulvous ; the upper surface, with the ner- vures, margin, and a narrow transverse line, black; the costa fulvous at the base ; beneath, with the anterior and inner margin, also fulvous ; posterior on both sides, with the nervures, margins, and minute costal lunule, black : cilia of all the wings violet-black. Male less, the antennae ciliated; the second and third segments of the abdomen with a few yellow scales, the fourth and fifth fulvous, with a black dorsal line. .T.( ;r.n 1 1 d.i:. — r.\ im i.roN idm. ] 1.', Caterpillar whitish, with tiie lieail and tail brownish : it feeds on the inner sub- stance of apple-trees, and, according to Hiibner, on the SuUx alba. Decidedly rather uncommon, and evidently very local : it is taken in several places near the metropolis towards the middle of June. " I bred several specimens from an apple-tree growing at Little Chelsea, and have obtained the insect from Ireland."— iV. A. Viffor.s, Esq. " From Lincolnshire/'— J. H. Davis, Esq. " Near Lime- house." — Mr. Stone. c. Abdomen belllcss. f Sp. II. Ephemerreformis. " Antennis pectinatis, apice setaceis, alts fcncstrafis venis fusco-lutescentibus, abdomine ezonato." — Haworth. Sp. Ephemeraeformis — Haworth.— M^} Ephemerieformis. Sleph. Catal. Size of a small Ephemera : antenna; pectinated, the tip setaceous ; wings trans- parent, with yellowish-brown nervures : abdomen beltless. " Found in Yorkshire by Mr. Bolton: formerly in the collection of Mr. BruTyr— Haworth, L. B. 70. ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA. Page 6. Pai'ilio Machaon. " Plentiful throughout the fens between Ely and Cambridge. The first brood appears about the 3d, occasionally in the 2d, week of May; the second about the middle of July. I have several times found the larvfP, always on the marsh-milk parsley (Selinum jxilustrej, which is undoubtedly the plant to which they are most attached, though in confine- ment they will feed readily on several other species of the UmbellatiE." — Rev. L. Jenyns. — I am informed by a lady residing at Deal, that this beautiful insect was taken last July in the larva state, on a carrot, near that town, and reared by her to the imago. Page 6. Papii.io Podalirius. In the fourth part of Lepidoptera Britannica, p. 588, Mr. Haworth alludes to the capture of this insect in the New-forest, as announced by my friend, Mr. Ingpen, in his very useful instructions for collecting insects ; a fact that I did not state in the above page, as there aj»- peared considerable mystery in the account which time has not yet cleared up. With respect to the other capture referred to by .Mr. Haworth, the Rev. F. W. Hope, in a letter to me, says, " I have one specimen of Pa. Poda- lirius in my possession unset, and taken at Netley." Mr. J. O. Backhouse informed me that a resident of Newcastle has in his possession two specimens of this insect which he caught in a wood near Oxford ; but from a more recent communication his account throws the usual suspicion on their authenticity. Page 12. CoLiAS Edusa. "A specimen of the female taken on the 23d instant, near Battle-bridge." — Mr. Cole. IIau.stf.llata. Vol. I. 30tii Ji nf, 1828. r 1 !(» HAUSTF.LLAl A. LEPlDOPTF.I! A. Page 17- PoNTiA Chariclea. My opinion respecting the distinction of this insect and Po. Brassicae remains unshaken ; although, from circumstances, I have been unable to investigate the subject so thoroughly as I hoped to have done last autumn by the rearing of specimens ab ovo. The Rev. W. T. Bree has, however, communicated to me an extensive series of Pontise captured by himself at Allesley, near Coventry, between the 28th April and 23d May last : now, of this series all those resembling Po. Brassicae, taken prior to the 1 7th May, are unquestionably referable to Po. Chariclea; whereas one only of that insect was captured subsequently, and which is evidently a wasted example ; while those of Po. Brassicse, taken considerably later, are perfect: amongst the former are several varieties, some having the tips of the anterior wings deep black, others pale cinereous, and some clouded, as in the figure already given, with many intermediate shades ; but all invariably have that part internally entire, as previously described. Again, the specimens vary much in size, some being fully as broad in expanse as Po. Brassicae, others (and by far the generality) considerably smaller. The Rev. G. T. Rudd also favoured me with specimens, and sent me ten pupae, which he found in that state during the winter : of these eight came to perfection previously to the 20th May (some as early as the 27th April), and each of the eight produced Po. Chariclea ; whereas the other two, which came out subsequently, produced Po. Brassicae. The pupa; of the former insect are less spotted with black than those of Po. Brassicae, but in other respects they are similar. The male of this insect has sometimes a small black spot on the upper surface of the anterior wings. Since my former account of this genus was published I have obtained a copy of Albin's English Insects ; and in his first plate he has not only, by singular chance it would appear, admirably depicted both sexes of Po. Chariclea ; but his description evidently proves that such is the case, as he informs us that his insects made their appearance in the middle of April. Page 19. PoNTiA Metra. The specimens of this insect which I captured toward the end of June last season are evidently very old, and were the remains of a spring brood ; and, from the observations I made after my pre- ceding notice of this insect was printed off, I am of opinion that neither Po. Chariclea nor Metra are double-brooded, as I did not capture a single spe- cimen of either in July and August last, although I took several hundred specimens for the sake of examination, all of which proved to be either Po. Brassica; or Rapa?. Further than the above, other avocations have prevented me from pursuing my investigations : but the Rev. W. T. Bree also furnished me with several specimens of the " Small whites" (as they are termed), amongst the Pontia; which he captured as before-stated ; all of which appear referable to the Po. Metra, which is decidedly a most variable insect : the comparative slendernsss and truncation of its antei-ior wings, and their dark base, sufficiently distinguish all the varieties from Po. Rapae, with which the dark-tipped specimens might otherwise be confounded. Jn addiaon to the above I may remark, that in examining tiie cabinet of Mr. J3eck, I found that it contained an cxter.sive series of Po. Metra alone, the I'AIMI.IONID.-V.. NVMnr.M.II) 1.. UTf common Po. Rapsc being wanting; and, upon inquiry, I Icarnl tlial all lus specimens had been caught in one day, in the beginning of April, wh.ch satisfactorily accounted for the deficiency, as Po. Rap* does not appear till near the end of that month, or beginning of May. I may also a.ld, that I o. Metra has long been known by the name of " Mr. Howard's NX'hite" amongst some of the older coUectors, as I am informe.l by Mr. Ilatchett. One of the specimens sent to me by the Rev. W. T. Bree was caught so early as the 18th March last. Page 23. Poktia Cardamines. Of six pup« of this species given to me by the Rev. J. Francis, two came to perfection at Uie end of May, one in the be- ..inning, and one at the end of June, the other towards the middle of July; thus accounting for the long continuance of the insect in its final state. Page 24. Le.cophasia Sinapis. Fabricius asserts that the larv« of this insect feed on the cabbage; not the authoress of the Butterfly Co lectors A ade Mecum, who merely states, in the first edition of her work, that tins insect and the three last (Pontia. Brassier", Rap*, and Napi), commit great havoc in our kitchen gardens. "Abundant in the New Forest in May last. -Mr. Weaver* Page 25. Piekis. 1 was misinformed by a friend respecting the use of this word as a generic term by Mr. Swainson, in his Zoological Illustrations, not liaving a copy of the work to refer to:-the three last lines must therefore be expunged. , . ...,.,.• Page 29. Nemkobics Lucina. "In Collingbourne-wood, near Ando^cr. - Rev. G. T. Rudd. " New Forest."-iHr. Weaver. ^ 1 j v'or Pi \tk iv. f. .3- which is in Mr. Page 35. Melitxa Euphrosyne. t \ ar. c, I i-atk n- i Haworth's cabinet, 1 suspect may prove to be a variety o. Me. Selene. Page 38. Argyknis Adippc. t Var. J. " Primly (anterior) »mg. above nearly Mack, en,bro»uo.l a. .ho \L ■ wW, a m Jsh, transverse, undulat^l spot near the base, an,l a .arp* X'of *e same eolour between it and the tniddle ; these spots are also eon- sp Is on the underside of the wing. This last sitle is fulvon, spotted », h wXat the apex, near U,e margin, are fonr silver dots. ' --■ (posterior) wings above are fulvous spotted with black, margn, blacky » ..1 ru^Jiesof'fulvous streaks; underneath these »'"S^ J ;'X:U twenty silver s^ts, nan,ely,«ne, three, two ''^^^^^^^^l l,,.^ the four middle spots arc the largest; besulcs th«3, he sho 1^ h . edged wit,, silver fringe w^^^^^^^^^ Expansion, 1 inch, 11 hues, laken oy 1 lo ,.itli n fine snecimen which was scut to Theabovedescriptionsoneany acc^^^^K^^n^^^^^^^ giving that to ,„e for examination ^X /^'; '^ ^ ^ ' ^^^^^^^^ makhig a new one from the mstct in n.v possession, (Ex. 2 inch, 2 lin.) : the anterior wings have a row of elongate tauny .,^ . parallel willi iIk hiudcr margin above, and ci.lv 148 HAUSTELLATA. — LEPlDOrXERA. neath ; the disc of this surface is nearly black : the posterior wings beneath have brownish clouds attached to several of the silvery spots ; and four of the latter, of the second series from the margin, are tarnished with black. This, doubtless, is a variety of Ar. Adippe; and I suspect that Mr. Seaman's is also referable to that species, the only points required to identify it being a know- ledge of the form of the anterior wings, and of the existence of the brown clouds on the posterior beneath. Page 39. Argynnis Aglaia. f Var. y. Tliis variety differs from the others by having the clava of the antennae cylindric-conic instead of compressed, as well as by the variation in colour described in this page. Page 43. Vanessa Urticse. Mr. Doubleday kindly presented me with a singular monstrosity of this species, which he caught flying near Epping : the right posterior wing has a perfect additional wing, about one-third of the size of the original, arising from near the base of the costal areolet ; it is somewhat less angulated than the true wing, but its colours, both above and below, are very bright, and disposed as usual : the proper wing is a little defective on its anterior edge, and the nervure which bears the additional one is incrassated. Page 44. Vanessa Io. " Common near Carlisle, and in Scotland." — T. C. Hey sham, Esq. Page 47. Cynthia Cardui. " A larva of this insect, which changed to pupa on the 1st October last, arrived to perfection on the 2d Nov. following." — Mr~ lladdon. Although not strictly applicable to our indigenous productions, I cannot refrain from referring to the Annales des Sciences Naturelles for March last, in which an extraordinary migration of this species is recorded to have taken place in May, 1827, in one of the cantons of Switzerland; the number of the insects being so prodigious, that they are said to have occupied several hours in passing over the spot where they were observed. Page 52. Limenitis Camilla. "Lordship-lane, CamberweU, formerly in plenty," — Mr. Witherington. Var. /3. Sieph. Catal. Wings above entirely dusky-brown, with a few paler spots, the white fascia completely obliterated ; cilia white, spotted with brown ; be- neath, the anterior are of a bright tawny-brown, with an irregular black patch on the disc, intersected with pale tawny, and bordered towards the anal angle witli two whitish spots; the hinder margin has a few whitish clouds towards the angle ; posterior also tawny-brown, with the base and inner margin bluish- gray, the former spotted with black ; the hinder margin with a few whitish spots, and one wing with a few towards the centre, in place of the band, which is completely obliterated on the other wing. This variety is said, by the editor of the Papillons d'Europe, to have been taken in England. Page 61. HirPARCHiA Iphis. From recent information, kindly furnished to me by tlie Rev. W. T. Bree and J. Marshall, Esq., I am of opinion that this insect (which hi unqucstioiuibly synonymous with pi. xxxv. f. 1. of Espcr, but NY.MrilALlD.T.. — l.YC.T.NID.i:. 141) not with \t\. liii. f. '249 — 251. of Hiibncr, that bcinp evidently a diHtinct species, with silvery pupils to the ocelli, 8ic.) and Hi. Polydaina are identical, the latter being a mere variety of the other : and as tlie former appellation (which originated in the Weiner Verzeiclmis, without any descrijjtion,) has been suc- cessively applied to Hi. Davus, Hero, &c. by different authors, from the im- possibility of deciding to which it ought strictly to be applied, I propose re- taining Mr. Haworth's name of Polydama (notwithstanding its orthography) to the indigenous species, w^hich docs not ajtpcar to be described by the con- tinental naturalists as a variety of Hi. Davus ; the employment of the name Typhon in lieu of Tiphon being equally objectionable with that of Iphis. Page 67. Hipparchia Davus. " Caterpillar green, with three whitish stripes down each side, and a darker green line on the back : it feeds on the fox-tail grass." — Mr. Weaver. Page 68. Hipparchia Hero. Of this insect M. Ernst says, "Ce papiUon est tire du cabinet de M. Gigot d'Orcy. II I'a re^u d'Angleterre, coinme une espccc naturelle a ce royainne" ! A curious fact, as there are certainly not more than two specimens which are supposed to have been caught in England, in the indigenous collections. Page 75. Theci-a Betulie. " Scarce near Kimpton, Hants."— if t-c. G. T. liudd. Page 76. Thecla Quercus. "Very abundant near Kimpton, Hants."— if < c. G. T. Rudd. Page 78. Thkci.a Rubi. " Occurs near Kimpton, but sparingly."— iftr. G. T. Rudd. Page 85. Poi.yommatus Argiolus. " Abundant near Coventry in May (1 have seen it as early as the middle of April); with us it seems to be only single- brooded: its favourite holly abounds in this district."— ifcr. if. T. Bree. " Found also near Darlington."— iT/r. J. O. Backhouse. " New Forest in May last." — 3Ir. Weaver. Page 86. Polyommatus Alsus. '•' In great abundance near Darlington."— 3/r. J. O. Backhouse. " Near Amesbury, Wi\is."—Rev. G. T. Rudd. " Between ^\'oodstock and Enston, Oxon ; also in the Isle of AV^ight, and near Chel- tenham." — Rev. W. T. Bree. Page 86. Poi.yommatus Acis. " At ColeshiU in Warwickshire, and in Leices- tershire." — Rev. W. T. Bree. Page 125. Deii.ephii.a Galii. " A single specimen taken flying in a garden at Islington three years since." — Mr. J. Cole. I must not conclude my account of the Papilionaceous insects of Britain without alluding to the following, which are stated by Engramelle to have iKi-n cap- tured in England ■ although both appear to be American ; and, instcatl of being indigenous to this country, they are, Fbelieve, natives of New Englan.l, in North America. Pontia Feronia. Ali.iall,is,anticis marii^nnv i>ostico seric c luaculis trifronis hrun- ncis, sul'tus innnuculalis, u/>icr JfaeesccHlc ; jmticis iiniiiuculatis, «"«/>•« ff"' vcsccnli/jUi hrunnco irrcralis. 150 IIAUSTELLATA. — LEPlDOrXEUA. Po. Feronia. Steph. Catal. Appendix, II. Wings above white; the anterior with a single row of triangular brown spots, touching the hinder margin, and terminating in a point on each nervure in- ternally; beneath immaculate, the anterior white, with a yellowish tint on the outer angle ; the posterior entirely of the latter colour, irrorated with dusky. — " Prise en Angleterre." — Papillons d' Europe, v. i. -p. 209. This is apparently an unnamed species : Godart, in the Encyclopedia Methodique, seems to have been aware of its distinction from Po. Brassicse, from having properly restricted his references to Ernst's figures of this latter insect; but he has totally overlooked it in his account of the genus. Ochsenheimer ap- pears to have fallen into the same mistake, or rather has omitted to notice the fact of a second species having been figured by Ernst, as usual with him under similar circumstances. The second insect is a species of Melitsea : the Papilio Tharos of Cramer and Drury. Me. Tharos. Alls supra fulvis lineis plurimis transversis limboque communi nigris; posticis utrinque ad externum strigd punctorum nigrorum. Po. Tharos. Cramer. — Drury, Ins. i. pi. 21. f. 5,6. Me. Tharos. Steph. Catal. Appendix, II. Wings above tawny, with several transverse lines, and their margins black : the posterior on both sides with a row of black spots toward the hinder margin ; beneath they are tawny-yeUow, irregularly marked with dusky, with a whitish lunule near the middle of the outer edge. " Le PapiUon existe dans la collection de M. Gigot d'Orcy, qui I'a re9U d' Angle- terre." — Papillons d' Europe, v. i. p. 66. Although the above extract does not actually state this insect to have been taken in England, that fact is implied from the circumstance of the editor of the above work having introduced the figure and description thereof as a native of Europe, with the above as its only locality. INDEX. Page ACHERONTIA 111, 114 Atropos . .114 ;Egeria . 13(i, VM Asilifonnis . l-^I' Chrysidiformis 141 Culiciformis . 14:$ C^ynipiformis . 141 Ephemcracformis 145 Foniiiciformis 144 Ichneuiiioni- fonnis . 140 Mutilhcformis 142 Sphecifonnis . 141 Stomoxyformis 143 Tipuliformis • 142 jEgeriitUe 104, VM Anthkoceua 105, 106 FUipendulae .110 Hippocrepidis 109 Loti . . ib- Meliloti . 107 Scabiosae • 108 Trifolii • ib. AvATiiuA 28, 49 Iris . • 50 Aphaniptera . 2 Aptera • 'b. Argynnis 28,30 Adippe 38, 147 Aglaia . 31», 14B Lathonia . 3<; Niobu . . :^7 Paphia . .40 COLIAS . ti, 9 Chrysotheuie . 1 1 Kdusa . 12, 145 Europonic . 10 Hyale . • 13 Pala;no . .11 Crepuscularia . 104 Cynthia 28.47 Cardui ib. 148 Hanipstediensis 48 Luvana . . 49 Deilephila 111. 123 argentata . 130 Cclaeno ? . ib. (^elerio . .128 Daucus . • 12C Page De. Elpenor . 131 Eupliorbiic . 124 (Jalii . 125, 149 lineata . .120 PorccUus .131 Diptcra . . 2 Diurna • . ib. DoRiTis . C, '^5 Apollo . . ib. ]Mneniosyne . 2(! GONEPTERYX 6,8 Rhamni . ib- Flemiptera . . 2 Hesperia . . 99 HespcriidiB 5, 96 IIlPPARCHIA 28,53 .'E Iberia . . 54 Alcyone . . 56 Arcanius • 69 Blandina . 62 Cassiope . . G3 Davus . 67, 149 Oalathea . . 57 Hero . 68, 149 Hyperanthus 60 Janira . • ^'-i Iphis . 64, 148 Li^ca . .61 Mxra . • 55 Megsera . ib- RIncstra . 63 Pamphilus . 69 Pluedra . • 56 Polydama . (^G Semele . • 56 Tithonus . 51! Ilonialoptera . 2 Hoiiioptera . . >b. Ivo . ■ -105 Globularia; . 106 Siaticcs . .105 Leucopuasia 24 Sinapis . ib. 147 LlMENITIS 28, 51 Camilla . 52, 148 Populi • .51 Sibilla . • 52 Lepidoptera . '- Lyc^na . 75, 79 ChryseiB . • 80 di.,par . • 81 Hippothoe . 82 Phlaoii . ■ 79 Page Ly. Virgaurca; H3 Lyca;nida' . 5, 74 ."\Iacuo(1i.ossa 133 Stellataruni . ib. Melit.ia. 2B, 29 Artemis . 32 Athalia . . 30 Cinxia . • 33 Dia . . 34 Euphrosyne35,H7 Maturiia . 33 Pyronia • 31 Selene . • 34 tesscllata . 31 Tliaros . • 150 NEJiEoiiirs . 2H Lucina . 29, 147 Nymphalida; 5, 27 Papilio . <> Machaon 6, 145 Podalirius 6, 145 Pamphila 96,99 Bucephalus . 102 Comma . .102 Linea . .101 Paniscus . ib. Sylvanus ■ ib. Sylvius . . 100 Vitellius . 102 Papilionida: . 5 PiERis 6, 25, 147 CraUBgi 27, 148 FOLYOMMATITS }!3 Acis . 86,149 Adonis . • 89 Agcstis . . 94 A Icon • . 88 Alixis . • 91 Alsus . 86,149 Argiolus 85, 149 Argus . . 93 Arion . • 87 Artaxerxes . 95 Corydon • 88 Dorylas .-' • 9(» Eros . . 93 Icarius . .91 Titus . - !'5 PONTIA • 6,14 Hrassicic • 5 Cardaniincs 23,147 CharicKa 17, 146 Daplidict . 22 Page Po. Fcronia . 149 Melra . 19, 146 Napica- . .21 Napi . . 20 Nelo . . 19 KapK . . 18 Sabellicx . 21 Procris . ■ 105 Sesia . 1.33,134 Cimbicifonnis Ei-'» Eucifonnis 134 Bombyliformis i:i5 Sesiidie 104, 132 S.MERINTHU3 ill t)cellatus . 112 Populi . .112 TiliK . .113 .«;phingida; 104,110 Sphinx 111,118 Ca-leno . . VM Carolina .118 Convolvuli . 119 Drurwi . .120 liigustri . .121 Pinastri . ib. plcbcia . .122 pa'cila . . ib. 5-iiiaculatus 1 19 TllECIA . ■ 75 Betula; 75, 149 Pruni . . 77 Quercus "6, 149 Kubi . 78, 149 Spini . • 78 Thymele 96,97 Alveolus . 97 LavateriE • ib. 3I.-dvje . • 98 Oilcus . . 99 Tages . . 98 Troliiilu M 13bM.37 Apifomiis . 137 Crabronifoniiis l.'Wi Vanessa . 28,41 Antiopa • 4.'» Atalani* • 46 C. album 44 lo 44, 148 Polychloros . 42 I'rticJT . 43, 148 /ycana . . !•* Zyg*nid.c 104, 105 LIST OF PLATES. PLATE I.* f. 1. 2. 3, II.» f. 1. 2. 3. III.* f. 1. 3. 4. IV.* f. 1. 2. 3. 5. f. 1. 2. 3. 4. C. f. 1. 2. 3. 7.f. 1. 2. 3. 8. f. 1. 2. 3. IX. f 1. 2. 3. 10. f. 1. 2. 3. 11. f. 1. 2. 3. 4. 12. f. 1. 2. Colias Europonie Chrysotheme Edusa /3 Pontia Chariclea Sabellicce ^ swbtus. 5 sub. ? ^ sub. ( k sub. IMelitaea Pyronia Euphrosyne, i. " tessellata Cynthia ? Hampstediensis sub. sub, :} Hipparchia Ligea $? sub. sub. J ) Iphis Polydama Cassiope Lycasna Virgaurcfe sub. sub. sub. $ sub. Pamphila Bucephalus jEgeria Culiciformis iEgeria Spheciformis Cynipiformis Stomoxyformis Formiciformis Deilephila lineata Galii $ $ $ ? ? sub. PAGE 10 . 11 13 17 21 . 31 35 , 31 . 48 61 64 66, 148 63 83 102 143 140 141 143 144 126 125 ERRATA. Page 2, last line but 1, for Trochilum, read Trochiliiim. 4, line 28, /or or, read comprises. 30, read which correspond. 8, 27, add Go. Rhamni. Steph. Catal 18, 2('),for Derbyshire, read Warwickshire. 73, 23, for these, read the. 92, 39, for glysyphyllos, read glycyphylhis. EKD OF VOLUME I. LONDON : PRINTED BY THOMAS PAVISO-V, WHITEFUTAUS